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FFP Medicine > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first line investigation for a testicular mass?

A

testicular USS

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2
Q

what type of infection would lead to a staghorn calculus in the kidney?

A

Proteus mirabilis

It has a urease producing enzyme. This will tend to favor urinary alkalinisation which is a relative per-requisite for the formation of staghorn calculi.

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3
Q

what are staghorn calculi composed of?

A

struvite and form in alkaline urine (ammonia producing bacteria therefore predispose)

ammonium magnesium phosphate, triple phosphate

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4
Q

what is the most common form of prostate cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma (cancer starting from glands)

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5
Q

what is the MOST significant risk factor for bladder cancer?

A

smoking

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6
Q

what is the most common form of bladder cancer?

A

transitional cell carcinoma

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7
Q

which is the most common type of renal stones

A

calcium oxalate

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8
Q

what type of scrotal lump in Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome associated with?

A

epididymal cysts

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9
Q

what are the associated conditions of epididymal cysts?

A

polycystic kidney disease
cystic fibrosis
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

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10
Q

what is the next step for an adult presenting with a hydrocele

A

urgent US to exclude underlying causes eg tumour

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11
Q

what is the histological scoring system for prostate cancer

A

gleason score

Graded using the Gleason grading system, two grades awarded 1 for most dominant grade (on scale of 1-5) and 2 for second most dominant grade (scale 1-5). The two added together give the Gleason score. Where 2 is best prognosis and 10 the worst.
Lymphatic spread occurs first to the obturator nodes and local extra prostatic spread to the seminal vesicles is associated with distant disease.

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12
Q

define phimosis

A

inability to retract foreskin

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13
Q

define paraphimosis

A

foreskin retracted and too tight to be replaced (venous obstruction) emergency

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14
Q

what are some medical benefits of circumcision?

A

reduces the risk of:
penile cancer, UTI and acquiring STIs including HIV

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15
Q

what are the risk factors of bladder cancer

A

Schistosomiasis
Smoking

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16
Q

What type of treatment in prostate cancer can cause a tumour flare?

A

GnRH agonists ( e.g. Goserelin (Zoladex))

17
Q

What do epidydimal cysts feel like on examination?

A

Posterior and separate to testes, TENDER

18
Q

define nephrotic syndrome

A

kidney disorder characterised by sig. proteinuria, hypoalbuminea, edema and hyperlipidaemia

19
Q

define nephritic syndrome

A

characterised by inflammation of glomeruli presents with haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, decreased kidney function

20
Q

define AKI

A

a rapid decrease in glomerular filtration that results in abnormal fluid and electrolyte balance and azotaemia (increased in waste products- nitrogen and creatinine)

disruption in 4 functions of nephrons

21
Q

how is AKI diagnosed?

A

acute increase in serum creatinine

22
Q

what are some things than can cause serum creatinine to raise acutely, that does not mean its an AKI?

A

recent use of trimethoprim
serum creatinine falls during pregnancy so a rise after birth can lead to false positive

23
Q

what is the function of aldosterone

A

K+ secretion, H+ secretion, Na+ reabsorption

24
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of CKD

A
  1. increased Na
25
Q

target BP for patients with T2DM and CKD

A

<130/80

26
Q

what blood test indicates that the disease is CKD not AKI?

A

hypocalemia

27
Q

what would microcytic anaemia and raised urea suggest?

A

upper GI bleed

28
Q

what conditions are seborrhoeic dermatitis ass with?

A

HIV, Parkinson’s

28
Q

for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), what are the variables is not required by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation?

A

CAGE
creatinine
age
gender
ethnicity

28
Q

in stage 1 (>90) and 2 (60-90) CKD, what are the key differences compared to the other stages?

A

if kidney tests are normal (normal U+E and no proteinuria), and no symptoms- then there is no CKD diagnosis

28
Q

in CKD, when should you refer to a nephrologist in terms of eGFR?

A

if its falls >15 in a year or >25% or a change in CKD category in a year

28
Q

what do patients on haemodialysis for CKD usually die from?

A

CVD (eg IHD)

29
Q

what do kidneys look like on USS in early stages of diabetic nephropathy

A

enlarged kidneys (usually in CKD kidneys are BL small vs AKI)

30
Q

In AKI, what are Eosinophilic casts a sign of?

A

acute interstitial nephritis

31
Q

what are the drug causes of acute interstitial nephritis?

A

penicillin
rifampicin
NSAIDs
allopurinol
furosemide

FFP Medicine (14 decks)

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