Uroliths in Equines

Question 1

Main component of their urine

Answer 1

Calcium carbonate

Question 2

Inorganic elements of urine

Answer 2

(Mg, Ca-oxalate)
1. Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
2. Calcium sulfate

Question 3

formed in their urine; in charge of protecting the urinary tract particularly the lining of the urethra and urinary bladder (Transitional epithelium)

Answer 3

Mucoproteins

Question 4

f horses are mismanaged (the way they are kept in a stable, the way they are exercised, or treated due to diff. diseases) → damage occurs in their urinary tract lining (esp. In their bladder, urethra) → horses become predisposed to form actual uroliths or cystoliths

Answer 4

Urolith formation

Question 5

t or f: NOT AS COMMON AS UROLITHIASIS IN DOGS

Answer 5

t : in horses, it is a more rare disease compared to dogs

Question 6

Pertains to macroscopic concretions of urine crystals in any portion of the urinary tract
- Can occur separately or together

Answer 6

Urolithiasis

Question 7

Sandy or gritty sediment ventral bladder
Accumulation of large urine sediments
gravity!!!!

Answer 7

Sabulous Urolithiasis

Question 8

where does Sabulous Urolithiasis accumulates

Answer 8

ventral aspect of UB

Question 9

it doesn’t form into a stone unlike real
urolithiasis or true cystolith

Answer 9

Sabulous Urolithiasis

Question 10

A separate condition that occurs
secondary to bladder issues

Answer 10

Sabulous Urolithiasis

Question 11

Ideally: you would want sabulous urolithiasis urine to occur ?

Answer 11

spontaneously

Question 12

how many % male horses inn Urolithiasis/ Bladder stones (Real)

Answer 12

76% geldings/castrated

Question 13

age common Urolithiasis/ Bladder stones (Real)

Answer 13

adults! >=10.2 +- 6.5 years

Question 14

t or: Urolithiasis/ Bladder stones (Real) are often seen in racetrack horses

Answer 14

F: Not often seen in racetrack horses
because these horses are usually young (less than 10 y/o)

Question 15

greatest to lowest order of
Urolithiasis/ Bladder stones (Real)

Answer 15

Bladder >urethra > kidneys > ureters
60% > 24%> 12%> 3-4%

Question 16

large amounts. of _____ –> Urolithiasis/ Bladder stones (Real)

Answer 16

CaCO3 + alkaline urine

Question 17

smoother uroliths are caused by?

Answer 17

Probably due to urine stasis, too much
calcium in the diet, or combination of both,

Question 18

Clinical signs of Urolithiasis

Answer 18

Dysuria
● Hematuria (occasional)
○ More visible kung maraming dugo
● Incontinence
● Hindquarter stiffness
● Mild colic
○ Mild abdominal pain
● Abnormal penile protrusion
● Reluctance to exercise

Question 19

tests for uroliths

Answer 19

urinalysis
rectal palpation
imagine: utz, endo

Question 20

Urolithiasis Treatment: Therapeutic goal?

Answer 20

Complete calculi removal anywhere in the urinary tract
- The best: if you can flush it

Question 21

Conservative MOT for urolithiasis

Answer 21

Diet correction (decrease ca, li) and NO ALFALFA!! grass only
Electrolyte supplementation
avoid nsaid
Catheterization

Question 22

Surgical MOT for uro

Answer 22

Recumbent celiotomy, Laparoscopic cystotomy*, Standing surgeries (highly sedated horses)

Question 23

in male horses - preferred treatment for urolithiasis; safer, doesn’t have issues of opening up the entire abdomen of the horse

Answer 23

Laparocystotomy

Question 24

2 ways of Standing surgeries (highly sedated horses)

Answer 24

1. Perineal
2. Para-rectal (mas ok?)
   - Gives access to the
   bladder
   - Only open up the
   bladder → remove stones → flush out bladder, urethra
   iii. Avoid
3. Affect kidneys →
   affects health of urinary tract → predisposes horses to urolith formation
4. Somtimes sotas give NSAIDs for pain management without veterinary advice

Question 25

Dysuria
Hematuria (occasional)
● Incontinence
● Hindquarter stiffness
● Mild colic
○ Mild abdominal pain
● Abnormal penile protrusion
● Reluctance to exercise

Answer 25

Urolithiasis