URINARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS

Question 1

Worse in female horses vs males when
there is inflammation

Answer 1

t

Question 2

Increased (greater than 40 HR):

Answer 2

semi stressed or in pain

Question 3

good measure of glomerular
filtration rate

Answer 3

creatinine

Question 4

can gauge kidney condition but not as reliable

Answer 4

BUN

Question 5

Can be also affected by muscle loss or wasting

Answer 5

BUN

Question 6

in racing, what parameter spikes?

Answer 6

BUN

Question 7

normal creatine

Answer 7

table : 0.4 - 1.9 mg/dL
creatinine clearance: 1.38 - 1.87 ml/min/kG

Question 8

Better measure for kidney fxn; How well the body is clearing CRT through the glomerulus (GFR)

Answer 8

Creatinine clearance

Question 9

normal renal values

Answer 9

table

Question 10

General weight: ~400-500 kg; how mych water intake

Answer 10

25 L; racehorses = 50 L

Question 11

Urine can be semi-viscous and opaque depending on the diet (not due to UTI all the time)

Answer 11

T

Question 12

opaque urine is due to?

Answer 12

CaCO3 crystals suspended in
urine
- High intake of certain electrolytes
e.g., Calcium

Question 13

Signs of urinary problems

Answer 13

abnormal urine
- Fever
- Spike if may bacterial infexn
- Anorexia
- Depression
- Ventral edema
- Fluid accumulation
- Scalding or staining (photo)
- Telltale sign of issues with urinary system
- With pus
- PUPD

Question 14

Due to urine and consistency is hot
or warm → scaled → tender perineum when touched, slightly burned → skin infxns (especially when rubbed on rough objects)

Answer 14

Scalding

Question 15

pawing/colic

Answer 15

pain internally more than discomfort

Question 16

May be normal, may be not (if not the usual morning stretch)
- To Alleviate pain more caudally in abdomen

Answer 16

Caudal abdominal area stretching (photo)

Question 17

Most common and most important sign to be noted in UTI

Answer 17

PUPD

Question 18

inc in urine production

Answer 18

polyuria

Question 19

inc in urine frequency

Answer 19

Pollakiuria

Question 20

renal disease, diabetes, pituitary adenoma

Answer 20

polyuria

Question 21

estrus, cystitis, calculi

Answer 21

Pollakiuria

Question 22

excessive thirst

Answer 22

polydipsia

Question 23

More serious generally

Answer 23

true polyuria

Question 24

Pain and Enlargement usually observed in?

Answer 24

ARF (Acute renal/kidney disease/failure)

Question 25

Firmness, Shrinkage of kidneys, surface irregularity, irregular shape

Answer 25

CRF (Chronic renal Dz/failure)

Question 26

in UTZ, where to put it to find kidney?

Answer 26

right: 15-17th dorsal and superficial (near tuber coxae) left: 15-17th deep to spleen percutaneous

Question 27

in Percutaneous biopsy guided by endoscopy biopsy, what needle

Answer 27

truecut

Question 28

Many ways of collecting urine - Most common?

Answer 28

free catch

Question 29

3 common. urinary problems

Answer 29

kidney, lepto, urinne

Question 30

kidneys located:

Answer 30

Left kidney - in situ near the base of spleen - Right kidney - near base of cecum

Question 31

heart shaped when cross sec, what organ?

Answer 31

kidney

Question 32

darker kidney? older or younger

Answer 32

older

Question 33

Spike in kidney values - Severe impairment of filtration Quick lethargy - acute occurrence - Nephrotoxic substances - Anorexia, depressed - Failure to produce urine - Complete anuria may happen - Proteinuria ++, low SG, hematuria (if traumatic cause or if with severe blockage) - Creatinine - can spike crazily/ too high (mas mataas compared CKD) - x5-7 values

Answer 33

AKD (acute kidney disease)

Question 34

CKD

Answer 34

Generally rare (or rarely reported) - Long term mismanagement - Weight loss (more gradual) - Edema; hypoNA, hypoCL - Edema: di na tama ang fluid balance and toxin filtration → inefficient body processes - PUPD: chronic case, marked - Crea: can significantly elevate in both conditions - Narrow down Ddx

Question 35

Sudden inability of kidnney to function sufficiently

Answer 35

Acute Kidney Disease / ARF

Question 36

Nitrogenous waste buildup

Answer 36

Azotemia

Question 37

causes of ARF in order

Answer 37

NOH 1. Nephrotoxic substances 2. Obstructive a. Crystals b. Stones c. If kidney is hit/kicked by other horses 3. Hemodynamic (rare) - Blood pressure problem or hypovolemia, thrombosis (rarer)

Question 38

common toxins to kidney:

Answer 38

NSAIDs excess, Sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides

Question 39

most risky when used orally in horses

Answer 39

Aminoglycosides

Question 40

Progressive loss of nephrons = dec GFR. leads to?

Answer 40

Chronic Kidney Disease / CRF

Question 41

give clinincal signs of AKD

Answer 41

Anorexia, wasting, peripheral edema, poor crt, purulent urine

Question 42

tx for AKD

Answer 42

Fluids: Correct imbalances ○ 10-15L/day (5L/hr)

Question 43

tx for CKD

Answer 43

Fluids: Electrolyte supp. ○ Dietary adjustment (Protein <10%) Less protein, more carbs, more fat ○ Pellets different types available ○ High calorie count (high energy count) usually for racing horses ○ If at rest, breeding, → less frequency of feeding to adjust amount of protein

Question 44

IH urine or droppings (rats, mice, birds) ○ Water bucket contaminated Spirochete bacteria infection

Answer 44

Leptospirosis

Question 45

lepto is ZOONOTIC: sotas can also get infected. t or f

Answer 45

t

Question 46

CS of lepto

Answer 46

Elevated blood counts ○ pus-filled urine ○ Fever low 102 ○ Abortion ○ Urinary issues *** listlessness, depression, anemia loss of appetite jaundice petechiae uveitis unthrifty foals

Question 47

Most commonly reported strains in Ph of lepto

Answer 47

Pomona acterohaemorrhagiae hardjo (serovars)

Question 48

moon blindness iis what cs of what dz

Answer 48

uveitis, lepto

Question 49

tx for lepto?

Answer 49

Antimicrobial therapy: penicillins, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin, doxycycline

Question 50

not so okay antibiotics for horse lepto

Answer 50

Enrofloxacin - Matapang for the horse - Iniinda ang antibiotic - Cases of abscessation can be observed in injection sites of enrofloxacin - Intense microbials

Question 51

tx for lepto not drug related

Answer 51

Reproductive tract cleaning Stable cleaning - very important because this is how you prevent lepto repeatedly

Question 52

Edema; hypoNA, hypoCL - Edema: di na tama ang fluid balance and toxin filtration → inefficient body processes

Answer 52

CKD

Question 53

Anorexia, wasting, peripheral edema, poor crt, purulent urine are CS of?

Answer 53

AKD

Question 54

what spp causes lepto

Answer 54

Spirochete

Question 55

Proteinuria ++, low SG, hematuria (if traumatic cause or if with severe blockage)

Answer 55

AKD

Question 56

pus-filled urine ○ Fever low 102 ○ Abortion ○ Urinary issues CS of?

Answer 56

lepto

Question 57

Cs of what? jaundice petechiae uveitis unthrifty foals

Answer 57

lepto