Urogenital System Flashcards
What is the urinary system comprised of?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
What is the primary organ of the excretory system
Kidneys
Why do kidneys not lie immediately opposite each other?
Left kidney=more superior as the liver is large and also lies on the right
Which 2 organs does ureter connect?
Urinary bladder and kidneys
What substance is transported by the urethra?
Male-semen and urine
Female-urine
Describe the shape of the kidney
Bean shaped with concave section, the hilus on medial border
What is the kidney covered by?
Thin strong capsule of dense collagenous fibers.
In which area of the kidney will the Bowman’s capsule, proximal and distal tubules be found?
Nephron
Which part of the nephron form part of renal pyramids
Medulla***not sure
What is the vortex of the kidney distinguishable by?
Characteristic renal corpuscles.
These each consist of an outer envelope of simple squamous epithelium (Bowman’s capsule) surrounding a fluid-filled space(Bowman’s space) which suspends a Glomerulus.
Anatomy of Glomerulus
Enclosed by 2 layers of epithelium being the Bowman’s capsule
Outer(parietal) layer: cells form simple squamous Inner layer(visceral): podocytes with complex shape.
Where do substances that leave the capillaries enter the renal tubule?
Enter at urinary pole of Glomerulus.
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus associated with?
Vascular pole
What does the the renal vortex have that the renal medulla doesn’t?
Renal corpuscles
What are the proximal straight tubules lines by?
Cubodial cells with acidophillic cytoplasm and long microvilli.
What are the distal straight tubules lined by
Cubodial cells with clear cytoplasm.
Histology of of proximal tubules
Low columnar epithelium.
Epithelium=wide brush border
Histology of loop of Henle(intermediate tubule)
Thin segments of ascending and descending loops=lined by simple squamous epithelium.
Thick segment of ascending =simple cuboidal epithelium
Histology of distal tubule
Low cuboidal cells
Without brush border
Short microvilli (few)
Collecting duct
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Appears less specialized than proximal or distal tubules.
Which organelles are numerous in proximal tubule and why?
Mitochondria.
Require the most energy as majority of filtrate from glomerulus is reabsorbed here.
Adaptation of proximal tubule
Simple cuboidal epithelium-absorption
Brush border-increases surface area which=beneficial since majority of reabsorption takes place here.
Adaptation of distal tubule
Low cuboidal cells
No brush border
Cannot be penetrated by water
Consequently transport of ions over epithelium makes gradient in osmotic pressure becomes driving force in further [] of urine.
Descending loop of Henle
Simple squamous
Permeable
=Water reabsorption
