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Biology > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the urinary system comprised of?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

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2
Q

What is the primary organ of the excretory system

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

Why do kidneys not lie immediately opposite each other?

A

Left kidney=more superior as the liver is large and also lies on the right

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4
Q

Which 2 organs does ureter connect?

A

Urinary bladder and kidneys

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5
Q

What substance is transported by the urethra?

A

Male-semen and urine

Female-urine

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6
Q

Describe the shape of the kidney

A

Bean shaped with concave section, the hilus on medial border

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7
Q

What is the kidney covered by?

A

Thin strong capsule of dense collagenous fibers.

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8
Q

In which area of the kidney will the Bowman’s capsule, proximal and distal tubules be found?

A

Nephron

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9
Q

Which part of the nephron form part of renal pyramids

A

Medulla***not sure

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10
Q

What is the vortex of the kidney distinguishable by?

A

Characteristic renal corpuscles.
These each consist of an outer envelope of simple squamous epithelium (Bowman’s capsule) surrounding a fluid-filled space(Bowman’s space) which suspends a Glomerulus.

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11
Q

Anatomy of Glomerulus

A

Enclosed by 2 layers of epithelium being the Bowman’s capsule

Outer(parietal) layer: cells form simple squamous 
Inner layer(visceral): podocytes with complex shape.
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12
Q

Where do substances that leave the capillaries enter the renal tubule?

A

Enter at urinary pole of Glomerulus.

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13
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus associated with?

A

Vascular pole

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14
Q

What does the the renal vortex have that the renal medulla doesn’t?

A

Renal corpuscles

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15
Q

What are the proximal straight tubules lines by?

A

Cubodial cells with acidophillic cytoplasm and long microvilli.

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16
Q

What are the distal straight tubules lined by

A

Cubodial cells with clear cytoplasm.

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17
Q

Histology of of proximal tubules

A

Low columnar epithelium.

Epithelium=wide brush border

18
Q

Histology of loop of Henle(intermediate tubule)

A

Thin segments of ascending and descending loops=lined by simple squamous epithelium.

Thick segment of ascending =simple cuboidal epithelium

19
Q

Histology of distal tubule

A

Low cuboidal cells
Without brush border
Short microvilli (few)

20
Q

Collecting duct

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Appears less specialized than proximal or distal tubules.

21
Q

Which organelles are numerous in proximal tubule and why?

A

Mitochondria.

Require the most energy as majority of filtrate from glomerulus is reabsorbed here.

22
Q

Adaptation of proximal tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium-absorption

Brush border-increases surface area which=beneficial since majority of reabsorption takes place here.

23
Q

Adaptation of distal tubule

A

Low cuboidal cells
No brush border
Cannot be penetrated by water
Consequently transport of ions over epithelium makes gradient in osmotic pressure becomes driving force in further [] of urine.

24
Q

Descending loop of Henle

A

Simple squamous
Permeable
=Water reabsorption

25
Q

Thin ascending look of Henle

A

Simple squamous epithelium

=allows diffusion of NaCl

26
Q

Thick ascending loop of Henle

A

Simple cuboidal

= doesn’t allow diffusion of water

27
Q

Collecting duct

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium that is not as specialized as proximal or distal tubule hence can selectively allow water in.

28
Q

Location of ureters

A

Continuation of renal pelvis in the abdomen.

In abdomen between renal pelvis and pelvic cavity that empties into bladder.

29
Q

Epithelium of ureter

A

Mucosa-Transitional epithelium
=impenetrable to any components of the urine therefore composition of urine doesn’t change as it passes through excretory passage.

Lamina propia- dense connective tissue with many bundles of coarse collagenous fibers.

Muscularis- inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle & outer circular layer of smooth muscle cells.

(Lower parts of ureter & bladder: additional outer longitudinal layer of muscles is added to first two)

30
Q

What is a trigone

A

Smooth triangle at base of bladder
=defines by entry or exit points of the urethra and ureters.

NB: clinically significant as infections can occur here.

31
Q

Male bladder vs. Female bladder

A

Male=in front of rectum, above prostate gland.(functions in both urinary and reproductive system )

Female= in front of vagina, below uterus.

32
Q

How is the micturition/urination controlled?

A
  • Detrusor isn’t relaxed until bladder fills to about 250mL.
  • Detrusor then stretches.
  • signal is sent to brain: “fill up signal”
  • hold in: Norepinephrine is released by sympathetic nervous system to store urine—>detrusor relaxes, internal sphincter contracts.
  • release: Acetylcholine is released by parasympathetic nervous system to empty bladder.—>detrusor contracts, internal sphincter relaxes.

***Somatic nervous system allows conscious control of external sphincter relaxation. (Consciousness as a realist of striated muscle

33
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Promotes emptying of bladder

* Acetylcholine.

34
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Promotes storage of urine.
  • norepinephrine

**think of “no release”

35
Q

What empties the bladder?

A

Urethra

36
Q

What epithelium is the urethra lined by?

A

Transitional epithelium.
However, makes=replaces by pseudostratified/ stratified columnar epithelium below openings of ejaculatory ducts into urethra.

37
Q

What are the distal parts of the female urethra and distal end of male urethra lines by?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

38
Q

Lamina propia of urethra?

A

Loose connective tissue.

39
Q

Muscularis of urethra

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle.(surrounded by striated muscle cells in sphincter urethrae.

40
Q

Why do females urinate a lot during pregnancy?

A

As the forty’s grows in the uterus is pushes on urinary bladder=pressure=frequent urination

41
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Removal of uterus

Biology (16 decks)

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