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Biology > Neurobiology & Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology & Sensory Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Brain

* Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

•Nerves

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3
Q

Nerve cells/neurons

A
  • functional cell respo. for nervous system signaling.

* cells specialized for communication

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4
Q

Function of neurons

A

•long distance: electrical signals
ie. Electrical impulses or action potentials

  • short distance: chemical signals
  • Higher order processing: brain & ganglia
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5
Q

Multiple Sclerosis(MS)

A
  • Autoimmune condition

* immune system attacks CNS=demyelination

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6
Q

Neuron structure

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
  4. Axon hillock
  5. Axon terminal
  6. Pre & post synaptic cells
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7
Q

Nerve structure in detail

A

•ENDONEURIUM: protective sheath
🔹axon+myelin sheath

  • FASCICLE: group of ENDONEURIUMS
  • PERINEURIUM: protective sheath of connective tissue around Fascicles

•EPINEURIUM: encloses
🔹several fascicles+blood supply+fatty tissueJ

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8
Q

3 main functions of nervous system

A
  • Sensory function
  • Integrative function
  • Motor function
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9
Q

Types of nerve cells

A
  1. Neurons

2. Glial cells

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10
Q

Types of neurons

A

SIM

🔹sensory/afferent neurons

🔹interneurons

🔹motor/efferent neurons

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11
Q

Types of glial cells

A

MAYO=CNS

🔺microglia= CNS

🔺 astrocyte=CNS

🔺ependymal cells=CNS

🔺oligodendrocytes=CNS

🔹Schwann cells= PNS

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12
Q

Resting/graded/ membrane potential

A

“Ironic name as a lot of work is done to get it to rest”

•sodium channels
•potassium channels
NB. Passive channels therefore always open.

🔹sodium-potassium pump:
Co-transporter
•against [] gradient 
•uses ATP to maintain resting potential 
***think of revolving door 
AIM: 
-ve inside
\+ve  outside
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13
Q

Action potential

A
  • voltage gated channels
  • action potential

🔹steps:

  1. Resting state
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyper polarization
  5. resting state
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14
Q

Conduction of action potential

A

Soma:Axon:Axon

a) depolarized:resting: resting
b) repolarize:depolarize: resting
c) resting:repolarize: depolarize

Node-node

*Saltatory(To jump or skip)conduction
•Increases speed of nerve impulse
•saves neuron energy by preventing slow inward leak of Na and K
•uses myelin as insulating layer(think of sweater)
•moves signal fast by trapping
+ve charge.
**prevents need for new action potential each time

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15
Q

Synaptic transmission

A
  1. Action potential reaches pre-synaptic membrane triggering opening of Ca2+ ions.
  2. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of neutransmitters in synaptic vessels.
  3. Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft
    * many neurotransmitters receptors=ligand gated.

***since synaptic cleft needs to be clear of neurotransmitters after signal has passed, remaining neurotransmitters:
•broken down by enzymes
•re-uptake in pre-synaptic neuron
•diffuse away from synaptic cleft where later destroyed
•taken up by glia cells for metabolic fuel

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16
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials(EPSPs)

A

🔺 in membrane potential=increases probability of action potential.

17
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials(IPSPs)

A

🔺 in membrane potential that decreases the probability of an action potential.

18
Q

Summation of post synaptic potentials

A

Can occur in 2 ways
•temporal summation
•spatial summation

19
Q

Response of postsynaptic cell to neurotransmitter depends on?

A
  • type of neurotransmitters
  • [] in synaptic cleft
  • types of receptors & chemically sensitive ion channels in postsynaptic membrane
20
Q

Chemicals that function as neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine(ACh)-Alzheimer’s disease

* Biogenic anime’s (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine,serotonin )

21
Q

Dopamine disorders

A
  • ADHD(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)
  • Schizophrenia
  • Amphetamines & cocaine
  • LSD& mescaline
22
Q

Nervous system organization

A
  • CNS

* PNS

23
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • *Brain: command Centre
  • *Spinal cord: enclosed and protected

Derived from dorsal embryonic nerve cord

24
Q

Matter

A

Gray matter =neuron cell bodies
White matter= bundled axons

Brain=Gray over white(gray outside)—> signaling neurons for learning, emotions, senses etc

Spinal cord=white over gray(white outside)—>linking CNS and PNS

25
Q

Brain protection

A
  1. Bone-skull
  2. 3 layers of connective tissue-meninges)
  3. Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF)
26
Q

3layers of connective tissue protecting brain(meninges)

[DAP]

A

Duda mater(outer)

Arachnoid(middle)

Pia mater(inner)

27
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • In subarachnoid space(between middle and inner)
  • physical barrier-has cushioning effect
  • chemical barrier-isolates from infection
  • secreted from specialized capillaries into ventricles
28
Q

3 major anatomical divisions of brain

A
  • forebrain (cerebral cortex)
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
29
Q

4 functional lobes of cerebral cortex

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
30
Q

What is lateralization?

A

When competing functions segregate and displace each other into left and right hemispheres during brain development after birth.

LH:
Adept at languages, maths, logical operations, sequences of information

RH:
Pattern and face recognition, spatial relations, non-verbal thinking, emotional processes

31
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

•structurally consists of left-right pairs of cranial and spinal nerves and associated ganglia.

  1. 12 pairs of cranial nerves(connect directly to brain?
  2. 31 pairs of spinal nerves(autonomic and somatic)
32
Q

Why do people feel hot when they eat chili food?

A

Capsaicin binds to vanilloid receptor inside mouth which =same receptor that detects temperature

33
Q

Freud Tore his Pants Off

A 
Frontal lobe:
Think of presentation in front of class
You must do critical thinking , planning

Temporal lobe:
Think of tempo of favorite musics
Auditory processing

Parietal lobe:
Think of “piranha” fish biting you
Sensation parietal would process.

Occipital lobe:
Think of octopus=many eyes
Visual info

34
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Special cells that convert stimuli into electrical signals.

  • group of sensory receptors=sensory organ
  • AP generates by light striking eye is same as air vibrating in ear.
35
Q

Perception

A

Brain interprets sensation

36
Q

Types of sensations(6)

A
  • visual
  • auditory
  • olfactory
  • gustatory
  • somatosensory
  • osmoreception
37
Q

Functions of sensory receptors(SATI)

A

Sensory transduction
Amplification
Transmission
Integration

38
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A
  • somatic sensations

* special senses

Biology (16 decks)

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