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Anatomy > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system

A

kidneys and ducts that transport urine out of the body

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2
Q

reproductive system

A

gonads and ducts which carry eggs or sperm away

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3
Q

role of kidneys

A

water balance, collection and excretion of (nitrogen) waste, and salt balance

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4
Q

uriniferous tubule

A

comprised of nephron and collecting tube
blood brought into kidney via renal arteries and flows into glomerulus (capillaries)
blood filtered at renal capsule
blood leaves kidneys through renal vein

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5
Q

nephron

A

proximate, intermediate, and distal tubules where filtrate passes through
filtrate composition altered during transport as water and nutrients are removed
intermediate nephron is expanded in mammals to become loop of henle

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6
Q

collecting tube

A

where filtrate empties

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6
Q

human kidneys

A

cortex (nephrons) and medulla (collecting duct and loop of henle) regions
urine produces flows into minor calyx, major calyx and collects in renal pelvis that connects to the bladder via the ureter

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7
Q

Homeostatsis

A

constant or near constant internal environment

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8
Q

Ammonotelism

A

is direct excretion of ammonia (in majority of fish)
flushed out in aquatic animals that live in water
has high solubility,water loss, toxicity, and low energy cost

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9
Q

uricotelism

A

excretion of uric acid (in reptiles and birds)
kidneys form uric acid that mixes with salts that are excreted
low water solubility, water loss and toxicity, but requires lots of chemical energy

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10
Q

ureotelism

A

excretion of urea (in mammals)
kidneys convert ammonia into concentrated urea, water content can be modified
medium water solubility, water loss, and toxicity, but high energy cost

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11
Q

variation in nitrogen elimination

A

lungfish can excrete ammonia when in water but also as urea during dry season
alligators can excrete ammonia or uric acid
turtles can excrete all thee forms of nitrogen

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12
Q

osmoregulation and osmolarity

A

homeostatic regulatory mechanism used to maintain the concentration of water and ions in the body
osmolarity is total solute concentration

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13
Q

fresh water vs saltwater fish osmoregualtion

A

freshwater fish are hypersomotic and can overhydrate
saltwater fish are hypoosmotic and can dehydrate

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14
Q

mass filtration

A

allows water loss, expunge water from system
filtration between glomerulus and renal capsule

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15
Q

filtration in renal corpuscle

A

fluid and small solutes are pushed through pores over GBM and podocytes
larger molecules remain the the cell
blood pressure provides force (renal arteries for aorta)

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16
Q

nephrons of freshwater fish

A

distal tubule removes important nutrients from filtrate
most of the water is left

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17
Q

nephrons of saltwater fish

A

remove glomerulus and renal capsule, reduce initial amount of filtrate, lost distal tube allowing greater water retention

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18
Q

conserving water on land

A

filtration is not selective
reabsorption is selective and highly regulated by a loop of Henle, resulting in concentrated urine

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19
Q

mammalian proximal tubule

A

blood is filtered through glomerulus and renal capsule
proximal tubule is where salt, nutrients, and water are reabsorbed, proximal tubule epithelium is covered in microvilli (greater absorption)

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20
Q

loop of henle

A

elongated loop is used to create osmotic gradient in medulla of kidney
Na pumped out creating gradient osmotic pressure for water to flow in
filtrate flows through collecting duct is reabsorbed due to gradient (greater osmolarity)

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21
Q

mammalian nephron

A

distal tubule incorporated into loop of henle to absorb more salt
hormones control water permeability in distal tubule and collecting duct
when dehydtated water moves across the membrane and reabsorbed (leaves tubule)
when hydrated membrane is made impermeable to allow water to be expelled (won’t leave tubule)

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22
Q

salt glands

A

tetrapods that spend a lot of time in saltwater excrete salt through salt glands instead of kidneys

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23
Q

sharks as osmoconformers

A

sharks keep their blood osmolarity near seawater
keep higher amounts of urea in blood making it isotonic
Different solutes in blood and seawater but same osmolarity

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24
Q

3 types of kidneys in verebrates

A

pronephros: found in larval forms and some adult fish
mesonephros: found in most fish and amphibians
metanephros: found in amniotes

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25
Q

holonephrons

A

separate parts of one kidney

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26
Q

gastrulation

A

process that creates the initial gut of animal

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27
Q

neutrulation

A

process of forming the initial neural tube coincides with gastrulation

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28
Q

3 layers of germ layer

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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29
Q

where does the urogenital system form

A

urogenital ridge from the mesoderm in a position dorsal to the coelom (coelom is body cavity between alimentary canal and body wall)
nephric and genital ridges rise from the urogenital ridge

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30
Q

development of uriniferous tubules

A

nephric tubules are formed within nephritic ridge
tubule appear in 1/3 places (pronephrons, mesonephros, and metanephros) this is basis for tripartite concept

31
Q

ducts of nephric tubules

A

pronephros connection to the pronephric duct
mesonephros coopt and rename mesonephric duct
archinephric duct is the general name for duct
metanephros use metanephric however the other tubules and associated ducts do form

32
Q

reproductive ducts

A

if gonads produce sperm archinephric ducts become vas deferens that carry sperm to the urethra
if gonads produce ova mullerian duct arises next to the archinephric duct become basis of oviduct

33
Q

segmented oviduct

A

funnel: collects eggs from ovaries
shell gland: secretes albumen and mucus
isthmus: connects shell gland to uterus
uterus: gives nutrients to egg while held

34
Q

oviducts in amniotes

A

archinephric duct is reduced/lost
metanephric kidneys are emptied by ureter
oviducts carry eggs
shell gland add shells to eggs that will be laid outside body (reptiles and birds)

35
Q

oviducts in mammals

A

fallopian tubes is oviduct between ovaries and uterus
uterus is formed by joining of two oviducts into single chamber that leads to vagina (houses embryo)
nutrients and oxygen are shared with embryo via placenta

36
Q

opossums vaginal system

A

uterus empties into vaginal sinus which splits into 2 lateral vaginas
lateral vaginas reconnect at the urogenital sinus

37
Q

kangaroo vaginal system

A

lateral vaginas are joined by central vaginal canal at the urogenital sinus

38
Q

vagina variation in other mammals

A

oviducts (fallopian tubes) empty into uterus that connects to single vagina
uterus may have several configurations:
duplex: 2 separate uteri
bipartite: partial fused uteri
bicornuate: more fused
simplex: single uterus chamber (humans)

39
Q

3 compartments of cloaca

A

coprodeum: connected to intestines
urodeum: connected to bladder
proctodeum: connected to genitals, this is where external genitals form

40
Q

cloaca repoductive ducts

A

oviduct has separate opening into cloaca from urinary system (genital and urinary papilla)
vas deferens joins urinary tract into common one (urogenital papilla)

41
Q

placental mammals cloaca

A

coprodeum –>rectum
urodeum –> urethra
proctodeum –> vagina
if vas deferens instead, proctodeum is urethra

42
Q

pleiotrophy

A

when one gene has a wide influence over anatomical form
homeotic genes are an example that control a host of secondary genes that are responsible for building parts of anatomy

43
Q

Hox genes

A

subtype of homeotic gene that specifies regions of an embryo, determine where leg is created
cells need something to tell them what to be

44
Q

knock out genes

A

prevents the gene from doing its job during development to see what results are (named after what it lacks)

45
Q

abnormalities and Mullerian ducts

A

agenesis: absence of body part
atresia: opening or passage of tract closed
septation: additional partitions within the organ

46
Q

Formation of Mullerian duct

A

forms parallel to the Wolffian duct

47
Q

Mullerian formation in mice-knockout genes

A

Pax 2: adult lack kidneys or reproductive tract
Lim1: adults lack uterus/vagina or vas deferens
Emc2: adults lack kidneys and reproductive organs
Wnt family: no oviducts formed

48
Q

Mullerian formation problems in humans: HNF1B and MKKS

A

HNF1B: mutations in this gene cause maturity onset diabetes of the young, may cuase mullerian or vaginal aplasia
MKKS: McKusick- Kaufman syndrome, causes malformation of Mullerian ducts created blockages in vagina and leading to a build up of fluid in the pelvis (Hydrometrocolpos)

49
Q

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)

A

prompts Mullerian regression
if testes form without it ovaries and uterus will also form
if ova forms but MIS is expressed, Mullerian ducts and derivatives will not develop

50
Q

Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS)

A

rare recessive condition where testes are present and functional and Mullerian duct tissue remain

51
Q

Hand-foot genital syndrome

A

autosomal dominant disorder
symptoms include shortened thumbs and big toes

52
Q

initial pair of gonads

A

neither testis nor ovaries- indifferent gonads

53
Q

germ cells in gonads

A

form outside of embryo itself and travel inwards to enter the gonads

54
Q

germ cells medulla vs cortex

A

it they enter medulla they expand to form the testis cords
if they enter the cortex they form follicies leading to vary development

55
Q

testis and vas deferens

A

testis surrounded by tunica albuginea
coiled seminiferous tubules within testis create sperm
tubules straighten into tubuli recti before joining rete testis
sperm travels to efferent ductules into epididymis (where stored)
smooth muscle pushed sperm into vas deferens (during ejaculation) until reaching urethra

56
Q

3 glands that add fluid to sperm

A

seminal vesicle: adds thick, fructose secretion
prostate: adds alkaline material to protect sperm from acidity in the urinary tract
bulbourethral: adds mucus
fluid and sperm is semen

57
Q

layers of oviduct

A

tunica albuginea: outer connective tissue
cortex ( has ova)
medulla

58
Q

follicle

A

ova and associated follicle cells
ova wrapped in layers of follicle derived from connective tissue

59
Q

ovulation and menstruation

A

ovulation: mature ova released from ovary
ova moves though oviduct into uterus
menstruation: ova flushed out

60
Q

internal fertilization

A

eggs remain in uterus or embryo is evtually sealed in calcareous egg, sperm deposited into oviduct and travels up to fertilize egg (copulation)

61
Q

external fertilization

A

sperm and eggs released into the water

62
Q

intromittent organ

A

used to achieve copulation by momentary apposition of cloaca
pelvic claspers in chondrichthyans
gonopodium in teleost
hemipenis in lizards and snakes

63
Q

spermatophore

A

the cap of sperm on the top of gelatinous pedestal, the male leaves it in front of the female, and the receptive female will nip the top with her cloaca

64
Q

hemotumescence, evagination and invagination

A

h: muscle action and blood infiltration during erection
e: hemipenis moves outside the cloaca and turns inside out
i: retractor muscles pull hemipenis back in and outside in again

65
Q

sulcus spermaticus

A

sperm runs along this outer groove of hemipenis

66
Q

corpora cavernosa and sulcus spermaticus (turtles)

A

cc: two bands of tissue in penis
ss: groove in between two bands of tissue

67
Q

mammal penis

A

composed of copora cavenosa, corpus spongiosum surrounds sulcus turning it into tube (cavernous urethra)
(in some) baculum bone located in connective tissue to aid in stiffness

68
Q

blood flow of penis

A

during erection nerve stimulation cause increased blood flow in internal pudendal artery
inhibition of blood flow back into the internal pudendal vein

69
Q

sexual conflict

A

evolutionary interests of sexes differ, males and females want different outcome of copulation

70
Q

female sperm storage (FSS)

A

(in vertebrate with internal fertilization) females have capacity to store sperm

71
Q

FSS structures

A

birds have sperm storage tubules invagination (cavity) along utero vaginal junction (UVJ)

72
Q

Female cryptic choice and sexual conflict in gartner snakes

A

once female gives off pheromones males for mating ball around females
females can store sperm and selectively use the sperm later
males prevent other from gaining sperm by copulatory plugs that acts a spermatophore that prevent other males copulation

73
Q

case study of garter snakes

A

males and females are in sexual conflict arms race
copulation time determined by the size of the copulatory plug left by the male

74
Q

duck copulation experiment

A

ducks stimulated to evert into tubes mimicking different shaped vaginas
male organ cannot successful evert into glass tubes shaped like female vagina
when with a preffered male female can contract and relax muscles to allow for male to evert

Anatomy (7 decks)

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