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Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

ontogeny

A

embryonic development

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2
Q

gastrulation

A

process that creates the gut of the animal

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3
Q

neurulation

A

process of forming the neural tube

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4
Q

Organogenesis

A

formation of organs from tissue

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5
Q

maturation

A

process from birth/ hatching to adulthood

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6
Q

ectoderm

A

embryonic tissue layer

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7
Q

mesoderm

A

embryonic tissue layer

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8
Q

endoderm

A

embryonic tissue layer

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9
Q

Old hypothesis of ontogeny: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny,

A

ontogeny is a condensed version of evolution, all went through fish phase

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10
Q

Alternative hypothesis of ontogeny: Law of the general to the specific

A

young embryos are undifferentiated, not until later in development that taxon-specific features arise

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11
Q

pharyngeal pouches

A

bays inside the embryonic pharynx

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12
Q

isometry

A

growing at same rate

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13
Q

allometry

A

growing at a different rate

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14
Q

How do vertebrates move?

A

by changing the angle between joints at the bone

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15
Q

exoskeleton

A

derived from the dermis or epidermis

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16
Q

endoskeleton

A

derived from the mesoderm within the body

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17
Q

dermal bone

A

ossifies directly from fibrous membranes, common in skull, jaws and shoulder girdle

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18
Q

endocranial bone

A

ossifies from hyaline cartilage, key to long bone formation

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19
Q

chondrocranium

A

lies in line with the vertebral column, initially formed from cartilage that supports the brain and sensory capsules, three parts: braincase, nasal capsule, and otic capsule

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20
Q

chondrocranium in bony fish is replaced by

A

endochondral/ cartilage bone

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21
Q

splanchnocraniumm

A

supports gills and respiratory structures; derives jaws, hyoid, and gill arches;as well as the jaws in gnathostomes composed of a series of arches that originally supported the pharyngeal slits

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22
Q

compenetns of mandibular (arch) jaws

A

palaroquadrate and Meckel’s cartilage

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23
Q

Palatoquandrate

A

dorsal component of the mandibular arch

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24
Q

Meckel’s cartilage

A

ventral component of the mandibular arch

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25
Q

dermatocranium

A

dermal bones that originally arose as bony armor in early fishes, in gnathostomes sunk and are associated with chondrocranium and splanchnocranium, in modern fish and amphibians the dermal bone is reduced; most bones are encased by bone-derived from the dermatocranium (surrounds everything)

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26
Q

serial theory

A

jaws arose from a single arch

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27
Q

composite theory

A

jaws arose from parts of several arches

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28
Q

palatoquadrate reduced to articular element that are called:

A

quadrate and epipterygoid

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29
Q

palatoquadrate is places by two bones derived from the facial series of the dermatocranium

A

maxilla and premaxilla

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30
Q

what forms dentry?

A

dermal bone that surrounds the Meckel’s cartilage

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31
Q

skull fenestration

A

increase in the ‘openness’ of the skull

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32
Q

cranial kinesis

A

increase (or decrease) in skull mobility

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33
Q

Sharpey’s fibres

A

specific collagen fibres that attach the tendon to the bone

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34
Q

ligaments

A

connects bone to bone

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35
Q

pterygoid walk

A

mobile bones slide beyond the brain case, detach upper jaw, crawling/ walking jaw along prey, bite down, move other

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36
Q

mammal akinetic skull

A

mammals lack cranial kinesis, more restricted jaw movement because of distinctive interlocking teeth

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37
Q

vertebral segments

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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38
Q

dorsal arches

A

protect the neural tube, have neural and interneural arches

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39
Q

ventral arches

A

protect blood vessels, have hemal and interhemal arches

40
Q

centra

A

form the ventral arches, support the notochord, have pleurocentrum and intercentrum arches

41
Q

aspondyly

A

lack centra

42
Q

monospondyly, dispondyly and polyspondyly

A

1,2, and 5-6 central per segment

43
Q

true ribs

A

connect to the sternum

44
Q

false ribs

A

connect to each other

45
Q

floating ribs

A

have no distal connection

46
Q

ribs connect othe vertebrate at two processes:

A

diapophyses and parapohysis

47
Q

Role of intervertebral ligaments

A

keeps vertebrae in line

48
Q

heterocercal

A

fish tail with unequal upper and lower lobes, creates lift when the are swung back and forth

49
Q

water vs land

A

on water, the body of a fish is supported by the water surrounding it
on land, gravity acts to push downwards with the limb to resist

50
Q

zygapophyses

A

interlock with adjacent vertebrae to resist torsion during their unique movementsacral regions

51
Q

sacral region

A

strengthens the connection between the hind limbs and the axial skeleton

52
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

allows the head to be lifted and moved independently from the front limbs

53
Q

lumbar vertebrate

A

thoracic vertebrae that have lost their ribs

54
Q

synsacrum

A

fusion of the caudal, sacral and lumbar vertebrae in birds

55
Q

syndovial joints

A

allow for considerable motion

56
Q

synarthrosis

A

joint that greatly restricts or permits relative movement

57
Q

synovial hoint capsule

A

defines the synovial cavity

58
Q

synovial memebrane

A

secrets synovial fluids

59
Q

articular cartilage

A

caps ends of the bone within the cavity

60
Q

hinge joints

A

allow motion is only one direction

61
Q

pivot joints

A

allows rotary movement around one axis

62
Q

condyloid joints

A

allow movement in two planes

63
Q

saddle joints

A

shaped like a saddle and allow movement in two direction

64
Q

ball and socket joints

A

allows circular motion, shoulder and hip joint

65
Q

gliding plane joints

A

relatively flat surfaces between the bone, allowing for a great deal of gliding, writs and ankles

66
Q

symphysis joints

A

associates with the midline of the body

67
Q

syndemosis

A

bones are connected by dense fibrous tissue

68
Q

synostosis

A

bones are directly connected, often called sutures

69
Q

yield

A

permanent deformation occurs

70
Q

strength

A

how much stress or deformation can be resisted before yield or fracture

71
Q

fracture

A

actual separation of material, or break occurs

72
Q

yield point

A

material failure, the material has weakened

73
Q

plastic deformation

A

cant recover, is permanent

74
Q

elastic deformation

A

weaker but can recover

75
Q

fracture point

A

material has broken

76
Q

strain energy absorption capability

A

the measure of toughness, the area under the curve

77
Q

cantilever beams

A

bending with bother tension (top) and compression (bottom) has a neutral axis under no strain

78
Q

second moment of area

A

the measure of how the material is distributed in cross-section, the more material distributed from the center,l the stiffer the beam

79
Q

local buckling

A

failure in the walls of a tube

80
Q

endotendon

A

within tendon

81
Q

epitendon

A

surrounds tendon

82
Q

paratendon

A

outside epitendon, allows the tendon to move against other tissue (buffer allows movement)

83
Q

tendons

A

connect bone to muscle

84
Q

two types of bone

A

compact and trabecular

85
Q

osteon

A

cylindrical structure composed of osteocytes within the lamellar matrix

86
Q

haversion canal

A

canal at center of the osteons, contain the blood supply

87
Q

lamellae

A

matrix within the osteons are arranged a lamellae

88
Q

calcium in bones

A

when blood Ca drops bone releases Ca into blood

89
Q

bone marrow in bones

A

has resources to build red and white blood cells

90
Q

modeling

A

changes shape, length and thickness of bone

91
Q

remodeling

A

changes density, entirely internal and occurs through a lifetime

92
Q

ostrocytes

A

hard matrix in bone

93
Q

osteoblasts

A

creates bone material

94
Q

osteoclasts

A

remove bone material

95
Q

bisphosphonates

A

inhibit reabsorption of osteoclasts

95
Q

osteoporosis

A

disease in the bones is associates with increased fracture risk as osteoblasts cant keep up with osteoclasts

96
Q

fibril sliding

A

allows for the deformation of bone with out separation

Anatomy (3 decks)

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