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Anatomy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

plasma

A

liquid component of blood, blood is suspended in plasma

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2
Q

cellular elements of blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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3
Q

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

A

red: contains of hemoglobin that transport oxygen
white: defend body from infection and disease
platelets: aid in the formation of clots

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4
Q

open circulatory system vs closed circulatory system

A

open: have a heart to pump hemolymph (their version of blood), but limited piping (blood diffuses through tissue)
closed: have a heart and vessels (pipes) to control the flow of blood

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5
Q

vertebrate circulatory system

A

series of pipes (blood vessels) that direct blood to various places in the body, driven by the heart, has pulmonary and systemic cirulation

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6
Q

pulmonary circulation vs systemic circulation

A

pulmonary: to and from the respiratory organs
systemic: sends blood to the rest of the body

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7
Q

blood vessels

A

system of tubes that transports blood throughout the body

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8
Q

conservation of mass

A

blood is not removed from or added to the blood vessels (volume of blood is constant)

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9
Q

pressure

A

force applied over an area

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10
Q

Fluid in pipes equations

A

As the pipe gets narrower fluid velocity increases, A1v1=A2v2

F/A1<F/A2 (A2 smaller area), as the pipe gets narrower, fluid pressure increases

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11
Q

Blood pressure (hydrostatic)

A

measured force being exerted to move blood through the system

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12
Q

3 layers (walls of blood vessels) that surround lumen

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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13
Q

vasa vasorum

A

the smaller vessels that supply blood to large blood vessels

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14
Q

what type of muscle is in the walls of arteries and veins?

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

vasoconstriction: when the smooth muscle contract
vasodilation: smooth muscles relax and vessels open

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16
Q

Arteries

A

move away from the heart
large arteries have lots of elastic fibers and less smooth muscle
tunica media is almost entirely elastic fibers
blood comes out with most energy and will have the highest velocity

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17
Q

Arterial function and disease (what is arterial disease)

A

walls of arteries expand when high pressure blood is pumped from the heart (pulse)
elastic fibers cause recoil that pushes blood further
Arterial disease is when elastic fibers harden (recoil doesn’t occur, so high pressure blood enters fragile vessels)

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18
Q

Arterioles

A

loose much of the elastic fibers and smooth muscles, direct blood to local tissues

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19
Q

capillaries

A

small tubes that connect the arteries to the veins, organized into capillary beds, where gas/nutrient exchange occurs, lack tunica media and tunica adventitia, tube made entirely of tunica intima (thin layer)

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20
Q

describe the diameter, area, blood pressure and velocity of arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

capillaries have small diameters, the largest area, the lowest velocity of blood flow
veins have the lowest blood pressure and largest diameter
arteries have highest blood pressure and velocity

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21
Q

diffusion

A

process that gases, nutrients, ions, and heat are exchanged across a membrane
occurs in capillary beds
slower the blood flow the more time for diffusion

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22
Q

microcirculation

A

capillary beds along with the arterioles and venules
flow through the beds controlled by smooth muscle (precapillary sphincters)
shunts allow for blood to completely bypass the bed

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23
Q

ischemia

A

side cramps due to a lack of sufficient blood to the stomach for digestion
exercising after a meal the skeletal muscles are given preference for bood over digestive system

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24
Q

hypotensive shock

A

after severe or traumatic injury, microcirculation may fail to regulate properly, too many vessels open leading to a drop in pressure and failure of circulation

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25
Q

veins

A

collecting tubes that return blood to the heart, 70% of blood is in the veins, very low pressure

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26
Q

tuncia media in veins

A

primary composed of smooth muscles with very little elastic fiber

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27
Q

solutes

A

dissolves particles within the fluid

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28
Q

osmotic pressure

A

force that arises from the imbalance of solutes to move across a membrane (everything wants to even out)

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29
Q

leaked fluids in capillaries

A

hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to leak out at start of capillary bed
osmotic pressure causes fluid to seep back in at the end of the capillary bed
the lymphatic system collects this excess fluid and returns it to the veins

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30
Q

lymph fluid

A

carried by the lymphatic system (mostly water, dissolves proteins, and electrolytes)

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31
Q

lymphatic hearts

A

help move fluid via muscle action

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32
Q

lymph nodes and lymphodema

A

masses of lymphatic tissues filled with white blood cells (clean lymph before it enters circulatory system)

lymphedema is swelling if fluid is built up in connective tissue

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33
Q

describe anterior primitive condition of heart

A

blood leaves heart via ventral aorta, aorta divides into external carotids and aortic arches, arches pass through gills gaining oxygen, arches reconnect into dorsal aorta, dorsal aortae travel back to the rest of the body, internal carotids feed the head and brain split, blood returning from the anterior comes through the anterior cardinal vein

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34
Q

describe posterior primitive condition of heart

A

dorsal aorta runs all the way to the tail (called caudal artery), braches feed blood to different organs (subclavian, renal, iliac), blood from posterior drained by posterior cardinal vein and lateral abdominal vein

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35
Q

portal systems

A

where blood runs from one set of capillaries to another without going through the heart (for reason other than distributing oxygen)

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36
Q

hepatic system

A

runs from the digestive system to the liver, delivering nutrients

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37
Q

renal system

A

brings blood from the tail/ rear limbs straight to the kidneys

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38
Q

afferent arteries

A

braches come off the ventral aorta to deliver to the capillary beds in the gills

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39
Q

efferent artery

A

connects to the dorsal aorta, the collecting loop empties into the efferent artery

40
Q

aortic arch in sharks

A

First arch reduced into spiracle in sharks and the aortic arch is lost
enlarged gills slits result in extra branches for collecting loops

41
Q

aortic arches in teleost fish

A

loses both arch 1 and 2
front of the animal gets oxygenated via the external carotid that loops down from the dorsal aorta

42
Q

aortic arches in lungfish

A

have gills and lungs (have arch 2)
efferent branch of 6 arch turns into pulmonary artery feeding blood to lungs (beginnings of 2nd circuit)
oxygenated blood flows into heart via pulmonary vein for recirculation
lost gills associated with arches 3 and 4

43
Q

where is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in lungfish directed?

A

deoxygenated blood returning from the body is directed into arches 5 and 6 through gills
arch 6 is pulmonary arch and redirects blood to the lungs when air is gulped oxygenated blood from lungs is directed into systemic arches (3 and 4) as it leaves the heart

44
Q

aortic arches of salamanders

A

caroid duct (link between 3 and 4) disappears
common carotid artery now feed both carotid arteries in the head
arches 3,4, and 5 feed the rest of body while 6 still has pulmonary arched branching off

45
Q

aortic arches in frogs

A

1,2,and 5 are gone
arch 3 is carotid arch
arch 4 is sole systemic arch feeding the rest of the body
arch 6 is completely separated from dorsal aorta creating closed pulmonary loop

46
Q

aortic arches in reptiles

A

ventral aorta split into 3 as it comes out from heart creating 3 circuits:
pulmonary trunk
right and left systemic arches
right systemic arch is dominant

47
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

feeds directly into the lungs creating closed pulmonary loop

48
Q

left and right systemic arch

A

split from the heart and rejoin again after the heart in the dorsal aorta

49
Q

aortic arch in birds

A

left systemic arch never develops
right systemic arch feeds the entire body
connection between the left and right and the carotids is called the brachiocephalic artery

50
Q

aortic arches in mammals

A

systemic arch arises from left systemic arch
subclavian arches both arise from systemic arch and feed the limbs

51
Q

carotid arch

A

feeds blood to the head

52
Q

systemic arch

A

feeds blood to the rest of the body

53
Q

pulmonary arch

A

create pulmonary circuit, arch 6

54
Q

4 chambers of the fish heart

A

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and conus arteiosus

55
Q

4 chambers of human heart

A

atrium and ventricles (in left and right chambers)
sinoatrial node
pulmonary trunk and aortic trunk

56
Q

valves in heart

A

sinoatrial, atrioventricular, and conal

57
Q

sinoatrial valve

A

between sinus venosus and atrium

58
Q

atrioventricular valve

A

between atrium and ventricle

59
Q

conal valve

A

valves within the conus and arteriosus

60
Q

what separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

left and right atrioventricular valves

61
Q

role of pulmonary

A

controls blood flow into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle

62
Q

role of aortic valve

A

controls flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

63
Q

heart cavity

A

heart resides in the pericardial cavity that is lined by pericardium
in mammals pericardium is filled with pericardial fluid

64
Q

aspiration effect

A

heart is in semi rigid cavity
ventricle contracts to squeeze blood out, reducing it in volume
creates negative pressure that causes the venous sinus and atrium to expand

65
Q

steps of pumping of blood

A

1 blood enters right atrium
2 moves into right ventricle
3 blood pumped from ventricle to lungs by pulmonary artery
4 blood returns to left atrium from lungs
5 enters left ventricle
6 left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body by the aorta

66
Q

SA node (pacemaker)

A

initaites contraction wave

67
Q

AV node (atrioventricular)

A

creates a delay and sends signal to apex

68
Q

contraction of pumping blood

A

muscles around atria contract to squeeze blood to ventricle
muscles around ventricle relax allowing them to refill
muscles around ventricle contract causing blood to be squeezed out of heart
muscles around atria are relaxes allowing blood to go from veins to heart

69
Q

steps of signaling

A

1 pacemaker generated wave of signals to contract atria
2 signal is delayed at AV node (completely empties atria)
3 signal passes to the apex of the heart
4 signal spreads across ventricles (contract upward to push blood up)

70
Q

systole and diastole

A

systole is contraction phase
diastole is the relaxation phase

71
Q

systolic and diastolic (blood pressure)

A

systolic is peak ventricular systole (highest pressure at ventricle)
diastolic is right before ventricular contraction (body relaxing)

72
Q

fish heart

A

S shaped that allows sequential contraction of atrium and ventricle and aspiration effect
conus arteriosus is changes to bulbus arteriosus (lacks caridac muscles, contains elastic fibers, helps dampen blood flow directly into gills)

73
Q

lungfish hearts

A

has incomplete separation within chambers atrium separated by interatrial spetum and ventricle separated by interventricular septum
atrioventricular plug creates 2 channel for blood flow
(oxygenated from pulmonary vein, deoxygenated from systemic vein)

74
Q

atrioventricular plug

A

raised tissue that acts like a valve between chambers

75
Q

fish heart double circuit

A

deoxygenated blood returning from the body is kept in right side, pulmonary arch redirect blood to the lung when it is gulped, oxygenated blood from lungs moves along left channel, blood is direct in systemic arch as it leaves heart

76
Q

frog heart

A

atrium is separated and recieves bood from. pulmonary and systemic veins
ventricle is not separated and has trabecular along edge
the difference in O2 causes blood to separate as it passes the chamber (prevents mixing)

77
Q

turtle heart

A

atrium is fully separated into 2 chambers
the ventricle is considered a single chamber but is composed of 3 interconnected chambers that keep blood separate

78
Q

crocodile heart

A

ventricle is fully divided
left systemic arch appears to be fed by right ventricle
foramen of panizza connect right and left systemic arches

79
Q

foramen of panizza

A

connect right and left systemic arches, allows for greater control in different environments
shunts blood away from lungs during diving so energy is not wasted when lungs lack air

80
Q

crocodiles breathing air

A

ventricle contracts and oxygenated blood from left ventricle fills right systemic arch
high pressure in ventricle causes blood to move across foramen panizza into left systemic arch
closes lunar valve and blocks deoxygenated blood from right ventricle
blood from right ventricle can only enter pulmonary arch

81
Q

crocodiles diving

A

vasoconstriction occurs in pulmonary system prevent easy flow from right ventricle
increases pressure in right ventricle
deoxygenated blood flows through left systemic arch and into body bypassing lungs

82
Q

diving in mammals

A

heart rate drops (bradycardia) reducing flow to lungs
anaerobic metabolism increases generating chemical energy without oxygen
microcirculation directs blood to necessary organs
can’t alter blood flow through heart (no shunting effect)

83
Q

coronary artery disease

A

blocked blood vessels feeding the heart

84
Q

arryhythmia

A

abnormal heart rhythm

85
Q

congenital heart defects

A

heart problems a person is born with (septal defects)

86
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

abnormaility in the heart muscles

87
Q

pacemaker

A

regulates heartbeat, small device placed in body to help control rhythms, uses low energy electrical pulses to prompt heart beats

88
Q

ventricular assist device (VAD)

A

mechanical pump that supports heart function and blood flow, heart is not relaced just assisted
creates pump for blood to go into aorta, does job of right ventricle

89
Q

total atrificial heart (TAH)

A

completely replaces both ventricles, end stage heart failure, temporary replacement while awaiting a heart transplant

90
Q

mechanical devices that aide the heart

A

pacemaker, VAD, and TAH

91
Q

why would you get a pacemaker?

A

arrhythmia (abnormal heart rate)- tachycardia (too fast) and bradycardia (too slow)that prevents heart from pumping sufficient blood
heart block: electrical signal is disrupted as it moves across the heart

92
Q

types of pacemakers

A

single chamber: wire goes to the right ventricle alone
dual chambers: wires go to both right ventricle and atrium
biventricular: wire goes to the right atrium, and both ventricles

93
Q

types of progamming of pacemakers

A

demand pacemaker is when it monitors heartbeat and sends signal if something goes wrong (waits for something to go wrong)
rate responsive speeds up or slows down rate based on activity level

94
Q

types of VAD

A

LVAD: blood enter pump from left ventricle and pumped directly into aorta
RVAD: blood enters pump from right atrium and pumped directly into pulmonary artery
BiVAD: combination of LVAD and RVAD

95
Q

History of artificial heart

A

1983 is when first artificial heart successfully transported into dog
1949 is when precursor of TAH is built at Yale
1952 is when first mechanical heart is used to keep human alive during surgery
1964 wants to devoplot TAh by end of decade
1969 first surgical use of TAH (survived 64 hrs)
1982 first attempt to permanently implant TAH
1985 successfully used as bridge to tranplantation
1990 FDA revoked approval (manufacturing issues)

96
Q

Jarvil TAH pateints

A

in 1982 first patient lasted 112 days but died to circulatory collaspe
second patient lasted 620 days did due to blood clots and strokes (circulation not working properly)

97
Q

artifical hearts currently under development

A

BiVACOR (has pulse) soft artificial heart

Anatomy (7 decks)

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