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Anatomy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Role of muscles

A

supply force for movement
restrain movement (stabilize body)
control viscera
form sphincters that control the passage of materials
heat production
produce electricity

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2
Q

somatic muscle

A

attaches to the bone or cartilage

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3
Q

visceral muscle

A

attaches to organs, vessels, and ducts

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4
Q

voluntary muscle

A

under conscious control

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5
Q

involuntary muscle

A

not under conscious control

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6
Q

nucleate tell us

A

how many nucleo the muscle cell has

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7
Q

striated vs unstriated

A

striated filaments are aligned in rows
unstriated filaments are not aligned in rows

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8
Q

3 types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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9
Q

Smooth muscle

A

unstriated, mononucleate, cells are joined in sheets that wrap around organs that they exert control over, cells are electrically coupled (can pass signal), visceral muscles and involuntary

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10
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, striated, multinucleate, filled with sarcomeres, attach to the skeleton but also surround the digestive and urinary tract

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11
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, multinucleate, branched, and joined by intercalated disks, waves of contraction are spread through intercalated disks

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12
Q

skeleton muscle actions

A

contract pulling on the skeleton to create movement

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13
Q

origin of muscle

A

attached to immobile part of bone

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14
Q

insertion of muscle

A

attached to the more mobile bone

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15
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

move skeletal elements in opposite directions, muscles can only create force in one direction via contraction so they are often paired as antagonistic sets

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16
Q

synergistic muscles

A

muscles that work together, multiple redundant muscles allow for each to reach peak force at different times (get around limitations)

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17
Q

skeletal muscle structure

A

composed of muscle bundles that contain multiple muscle cells (fibers), fascicles (muscle cells packed together) surrounded by epimysium, attached to bone via tendons

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18
Q

tendons

A

connective tissue surrounding muscle that extends to periosteum around bones, less energetically costly to maintain than muscle, allow long connection for short muscles

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19
Q

myofibrils

A

Composed of chains of repeating units called sarcomeres

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20
Q

z bands

A

separate sarcomeres

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21
Q

myofilaments

A

overlapping filaments in sarcomeres

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22
Q

myosin

A

thick filaments with protruding heads, heads are tilted to the side, have binding sites for ATP and actin, heads can hydrolyze ATP (releasing phosphate and energy) active during contraction

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23
Q

actin

A

thin filament with two other proteins attached

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24
Q

resting state of contraction

A

no stimulation from the nervous system, muscle is soft, shape maintained by collagenous fiber around it, not force generated, can be stretched

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25
Q

active state of contraction

A

nerves stimulate the muscle past the threshold point, contraction generates a tensile force that tries to move bone/mass attached to muscle, resistance to the movement is the load (mass being pulled)

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26
Q

describe muscle contraction

A

muscle structure shortens, the white region becomes thinner, and the black region maintains its width

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27
Q

how does length affect muscle force

A

length of sarcomere alter the ability of muscle to produce force, the greatest force is in the middle length, and longer has less connection between myosin, shorter does not have enough room for myosin

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28
Q

how does velocity affect muscle force

A

speed of muscle contraction alters for available, binding and unbinding takes time, slower the contraction the more force, if filaments move too fast fewer heads can bind to create force

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29
Q

describe power limit

A

cant increase force and velocity at the same time, there is a trade-off

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30
Q

red muscle vs white muscle

A

red muscle contains myoglobin, resistant to fatigue, useful for high endurance activities
white muscle is low in myoglobin, contracts rapidly, fatigues easily, and is good for quick reactions

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31
Q

tonic fibers

A

slow contracting, produce low force, common in amphibians rare is mammals

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32
Q

twitch fibers

A

faster contraction -> higher forces, divided into fast and slow twitch muscles

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33
Q

myosin heavy chain (mhc)

A

motor protein used to identify fiber types

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34
Q

where does ATP fuel source of slow and fast twitch fibers come from

A

slow twitch fibers rely on ATP from aerobic respiration
fast twitch fibers rely on ATP from anaerobic respiration

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35
Q

rate modulation

A

increase or decrease the rate at which nerve impulses are delivered to the muscle

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36
Q

motor unit

A

single neuron and the unique set of fibers it innervates (stimulates)

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37
Q

how to modulate the amount of force used to lift different mass with same muscle

A

rate modulation and motor unit

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38
Q

cross section area of muscle and force

A

total force a muscle can produce is proportional to the cross section of its myofibrils (length doesnt matter)

39
Q

parallel fibers

A

lie along line of force generation

40
Q

pinnate fibers

A

lie oblique (slanted) to a line of force generation, insert at the common tendon

41
Q

pinnate vs parallel for force and movement

A

pinnate have greater for production because more myofibrils are packed into a given area (carry heavier loads)
parallel can shorten and move longer distance (carry lighter loads)

42
Q

active component of muscle organ

A

sliding filaments

43
Q

elastic component of muscle organ

A

tendon (store energy, energy released when stretched)

44
Q

active tension

A

tension created by the muscle itself

45
Q

passive tension

A

the tension required to stretch the elastic components

46
Q

total tension

A

overall tension measured in muscle, active+passive

47
Q

how do lever mechanics affect muscles

A

can alter force production, muscle insertion near joint results in fast large motion with little force, muscle attaching farther from joint results in short powerful motion

48
Q

low gear muscles (synergistic)

A

more force advantage, used to overcome inertia during initial movement

49
Q

high gear muscles (synergistic)

A

more speed advantage to create rapid movements

50
Q

concentric

A

muscle contraction shortens

51
Q

isometric

A

contraction and no length change

52
Q

eccentric

A

muscle lengthens and then contracts

53
Q

homologous trait

A

shared ancestry

54
Q

depressor mandibular and digastric functions

A

depress the lower jaw

55
Q

diaphragm and phrenic nerve innervation

A

diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve

56
Q

name homology criteria and which one is the best and why

A

Attachment, function, innervation, and development (best)
common developmental origin correlates with ancestry (track as it migrates)

57
Q

what does skeletal muscle arise from and what happens to the tissue

A

paraxial mesoderm, tissue becomes segmented into somites that further divide

58
Q

myotomes

A

tissue that gives rise to the axial musculature

59
Q

myomeres

A

arise directly from myotomes, keep the segmented structure

60
Q

myosepta

A

connects neighboring myomere blocks that extend inwards and attach to the vertebral column

61
Q

horizontal septa

A

runs along the length of the body and divides axial muscles into epaxial (dorsal) and hypaxial (ventral)

62
Q

myomeres in fish

A

arranges in zig zag pattern that allows for each block to influence multiple axial segments

63
Q

appendicular muscles in fish

A

muscle sheets extend to cover both sides of the fin, muscles act to pull the fins up and down, and in some groups, muscles are added for rotation

64
Q

axial muscles in tetrapods

A

axial musculature is reduced and differentiated by region, legs take over locomotion functions, hypaxial muscles remain robust

65
Q

appendicular muscles in tetrapods

A

expanded and complicated, limbs are more important for locomotion

66
Q

appendicular muscles in running or walking (cursorial) animals

A

bunch their limbs near the body (center of mass), utilize long tendons to work the limbs, reduce weight of the limbs being moved (fewer muscles at extremes)

67
Q

appendicular muscle in jumping animals

A

greatly expanded leg musculature, robust forelimb muscle taking the impact of landing (eccentric contraction to work against the ground)

68
Q

axial musculature of birds

A

synsacrum stabilizes the posterior of the vertebral column; axial musculature is further reduced (more at the center of mass)

69
Q

appendicular muscles of flying animals

A

forelimb muscles are greatly expanded but are much to keep limbs light, and tendons aid in the movement of the claws (not much muscle down there)

70
Q

constrictor muscles and adductor muscles in fish

A

constrictor: outer sheet of muscle that straightens brachial arches
adductor: bend the brachial arches
antagonistic actions of muscles pump water over the gills

71
Q

adductor mandibulae

A

enlarged version of the adductor muscle

72
Q

preorbitals

A

muscles in sharks that aids adductor in closing the jaws

73
Q

jaw adductor in tetrapods

A

remains massive muscle, attachments change to cranium instead of separate palatoquadrate bone

74
Q

massester and temporalis in mammals

A

adductor separated into two muscles
massester is from zygomatic arch to masseteric fossa
temporalis is from the temporal bone to the coronoid process

75
Q

hyoid arch

A

modified branchial arch, dorsal constrictors become mandibular depressors in tetrapods, ventral constrictors are differentiated (some become constrictor colli)

76
Q

constrictor colli

A

source of mammalian facial muscles, alter feeding and communication

77
Q

pectoral sliding

A

holds the pectoral girdle in place, a set of muscles that suspend the anterior portion of the body

78
Q

How can muscle size be altered

A

muscle increase from exercise and muscle decrease from lack of activity and disease

79
Q

exercise

A

whenever a muscle contracts

80
Q

chronic overload

A

denotes sustained muscle activity used for training purposes

81
Q

hypertrophy

A

term for the increase in tissue size/ mass due to stimuli

82
Q

where does new muscle mass come from

A

most comes from muscle fibers getting larger, there are more myofilaments added and an increase in cross-sectional area

83
Q

Proportion of fiber types in human untrained, long distance runners and sprinters

A

untrained individuals have an even number of slow and fast twitch
long distance have a larger proportion of slow twitch
Sprinters have a larger proportion of fast twitch

84
Q

Is there evidence that support that muscle fiber type can change through training

A

there is experimental evidence against and in favor

85
Q

what happened to mice in micogravity?

A

they had a decrease in slow twitch fibers and increase in fast twitch

86
Q

what is the mechanism of fiber change

A

different types of myosin in the fibers
differences in the way ATP is broken down during contraction
differences in innervation

87
Q

muscular atrophy

A

decrease in muscle mass due to a lack of activity
disuse of muscle results in down regulation of synthesis and activation of degradation pathway (wasted resource so breaks down)
also caused by disease

88
Q

muscular dystrophy and types

A

cause gradual degradation of skeletal muscle
generally caused by mutation on X chromosome ( in males)
duchenne muscular dystrophy is most common and occurs most in males (20s)
becker is onset later in life with slower progression (40s)
steinert’s adult onset affects face and neck prevents relaxation
congenital early onset affects males and females

89
Q

muscle bone interaction

A

during development, bone loading via repeated muscle action (contraction) helps bone develop
diseases like DMD that make muscle weaker have adverse effect on bone development

90
Q

DMD effect on bone

A

in lab mice jaw of those with dystrophin deficiency were altered jaw forms from more than just diet

91
Q

cause of muscular dystrophy

A

mutation in gene that codes for dystrophin, dystrophin is part of protein complex in cell membrane of muscle fiber

92
Q

function of dystrophin

A

creates mechanical link between myofilaments making up the cell and surrounding matrix
aid in signaling to the muscle fibers
(provides structural support)

93
Q

DMD escaper dogs

A

have dystrophin mutations that do not show symptoms
have increased expression in Jagged1 that is involved in cell repair, able to counteract lack of dystrophin

Anatomy (3 decks)

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