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Diagnostic Imaging FINAL > Urogenital Radiology > Flashcards

Urogenital Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal location of the left kidney?

A

Left at L1-L3

Easier to see more caudal*

urogenital radiology lecture; slide 2

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2
Q

What is the normal location of the right kidney?

A

Right is at T12-L2

*You will not see the right kidney very well because it is in the renal fossa!

urogenital radiology lecture; slide 2

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3
Q

What is increased opacity in the pelvis (renal fossa) of the kidney?***

A

Nephroliths

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4
Q

What is increased opacity in the kidney parenchyma?

A

Nephrocalcinosis

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5
Q

Kidney opacity can be part of the normal aging process and be insignificant or can be..

A

nephroliths or nephrocalcinosis

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6
Q

Decreased opacity in the pelvis of the kidney can be..

A

FAT or gas.

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7
Q

What is the normal size of a DOG kidney?

A

2.5 to 2.5x the length of L2 on VD view

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8
Q

What is the normal size of a CAT kidney?

A

2.4 to 3.0 x the length of L2 on VD.
But 2x the length is not abnormal in a small cat that was neutered at a very early age
Old tom cats may be larger.

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9
Q

What are the differentials for increased kidney size?

A 
Hydronephrosis
Nephritis
Neoplasia (diffuse)
Feline polycystic disease
Perinephric psudocysts (cat)
Systemic disease (amyloidosis and FIP)
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10
Q

What are the differentials for decreased kidney size?

A

End stage renal disease, cortical hypoplasia and congenital anomaly

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11
Q

How do you determine enlarged kidneys on radiograph?

A

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 5

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12
Q

What are the differentials for abnormal kidney shape?

A

Neoplasia (nephroblastomas, renal cell adenocarcinoma)
Subscapular hemorrhage, abscess or cyst
Feline polycystic disease- often appears normal
End stage kidneys (small)
Infarcts
Positions of the kidney (angle to the beam)

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13
Q

What happens if one of the kidneys is missing?

A

Survey radiographs (poor visualization or one may be absent)
agenesis or surgical removal.
*Perform an excretory urogram; no concentration of medium or kidney is not present.

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14
Q

What are the three phases of excretory urograms?

A 
Vascular phase (5 seconds) (in the parenchyma)
Tubular phase (20 seconds) throughout the kidney
Pyelogram phase (5 minutes) in the renal fossa
*The kidney slowly gets darker, contrast concentrates in the ureters.
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15
Q

What will you see with urethral obstruction after you give contrast medium?

A

Dilation of the renal fossa

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16
Q

What will you see with polycystic kidney disease after you give contrast medium?

A

Differing multifocal opacities in the kidney

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17
Q

What will you see with renal mass after you give contrast medium?

A

Differing focal opacity in the kidney

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18
Q

What will you see with end stage kidney disease after you give contrast medium?

A

Small kidney

Shriveled

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19
Q

What will you see with pyelonephritis after you give contrast medium?

A

Increased kidney opacity and dilated renal fossa.

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20
Q

If after 30 minutes you have a persistent nephrogram, how do you treat?

A

Treat with aggressive diuresis!!
Contrast induced renal failure in a excretory urogram.
*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 8

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21
Q

What is hydronephrosis/hydroureter?

A

Seen with an excretory urogram.

  • Blockage of the ureter (calculus)
  • Bladder neck lesion (neoplasia)
  • Chronic bladder distenition
  • Dilated renal pelvis and ureters.
  • View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 9 & 10
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22
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Seen with an excretory urogram?
Dilated pelvic diverticulae or pelvis
Not usually severe dilation (ileus from inflammation)

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 11

23
Q

What is an ectopic ureter?

A

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 12 & 13

The ureter enters from an abnormal site

24
Q

Retroperitoneal fluid/mass

A

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 14

25
Q

Ruptured ureter/kidney

A

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 15

26
Q

Location of the bladder on radiographs?

Dog

A

Essentially a large bag of fluid.
Can be empty or very large.
Location:
Dog: at the brim of the pelvis or next to the prostate gland

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 17

27
Q

Location of the bladder on radiographs?

Cat

A

Essentially a large bag of fluid.
Can be empty or very large.
Location:
Cat: long urethra, so may sag more cranial.

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 16

28
Q

Mineral opacities in the bladder:

A

Mineral opacity

  • Usually calculi
  • Possibly mineralization from neoplasia.

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 17

29
Q

Gas opacity in the bladder:

A

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 17

Iatrogenic (previous tap or catheter in the lumen)
Emphysematous cystitis (wall or lumen) due to..
-diabetes (may produce emphysematous gallbladder)
-gas forming cystitis

30
Q

Pneumocystogram of the bladder

A
  • View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 18

* Addition of a positive contrast medium

31
Q

What are the various opacities of calculi?

A

Mineral opacity (most opaque)
Soft tissue opacity (cannot see)
Soft tissue opacity surrounded by a double contrast technique (can see the calculi in the middle)
*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 19

32
Q

What calculi are mineral opacity?

A

Calcium phosphorus (mineral)

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 20

33
Q

What calculi are soft tissue opacity?

A

Urate, cysteine

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 20

34
Q

What is the size of the prostate in an large breed dog?

A

Walnut size
No larger then the wing of the ileum!
*Older intact male prostate is usually visible; BPH

35
Q

What causes enlarged prostate glands?

A

BPH (+ paraprostatitc cysts)
Prostatitis
Neoplasia
*cant tell the difference

36
Q

What causes dorsal displacement of the bladder +/- compression of the colon.
Can also cause cranial displacement of the bladder?

A

Prostatomegaly

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 21

37
Q

What are differentials for a 10 year old male neutered scottie?

A

NOT BPH
Prostatitis and neoplasia.

  • Triangle will show prostate and bladder
  • View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 22
38
Q

What are paraprostatitic cysts?

A

May or may not fill with contrast.
Medium during urethrocystography.
-Urinary bladder is more cranial then the prostate

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 23

39
Q

Metastatic disease radiograph..

A

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 24, 25, 26

Observe the vertebrae above.

40
Q

Urethral rupture and gas on radiograph

A

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 27

41
Q

What is the “butt shot”

A

Allows best visualization of the urethra.

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 28

42
Q

Can you visualize a uterus on radiograph?

A

No

Non-gravid uterus is not visible

43
Q

When is a uterus visible on radiograph?

A

Radiographically visible in the normal animal after first 3 weeks of pregnancy, during the first 3 - 4 days after parturition and sometimes during estrus.
Otherwise if it is visualized, consider it large.
*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 29

44
Q

What technique can be used to see the uterus?

A

Compression
Paddle or spoon technique.
*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 30

45
Q

Increased size of the uterus differentials?

A

Normal during pregnancy (3 weeks) and up to 10 days post partum.
Pyometra, mucometra, metritis and neoplasia.

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 31

46
Q

A soft tubular structure on radiograph will nearly always be…

A

bowel or an enlarged uterus.

47
Q

Increased opacity of the uterus..

Pregnancy

A

6-7 weeks (5 weeks in cats) can see the beginning on mineralization.
7-8 weeks skulls and vertebrae are recognized.
*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 32

48
Q

Mummification of the fetus on radiograph..

A

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 32

Increased opacity.

49
Q

What will you observe roughly 45 days from implantation (18 days prepartum) of a pregnant dog/cat?

A

Barely mineralized
Increased opacity.

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 33

50
Q

What can you observe roughly 52 days form implantation (11 days prepartum)

A

Eight fetal skulls and spines are ID. 13 sets of ribs with absence of ID of paws indicates a parturition date between 5 and 11 days from the date of this study.
*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 34

51
Q

How do you estimate fetal maturation?

A

Mineralized fetuses where first detected 21 days prior to parturition.
The extent of mineralization progressed rapidly with the proximal extremities (17 days) , forelegs/hind legs (11 days) and pelvis, caudal vertebrae/paws (5 days) and finally the teeth (4 days) becoming visible prior to birth respectively.

52
Q

How can you determine fetal death?

A

Gas outside the fetus but within the uterus.
Abnormal position of the fetus, incompatible with life “looks uncomfortable”
Reabsorption of skeletal bone.
Gas in the cranial cavity, abdomen or vessels of the fetus.
*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 36

53
Q

What is the first sing of dead feti before necrosis?

A

Abnormal position of the fetus, incompatible with life.
Babies should always moving!

*View urogenital radiology lecture; slide 37

Diagnostic Imaging FINAL (10 decks)

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