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Diagnostic Imaging FINAL > Digestive Radiology > Flashcards

Digestive Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs that can be observed when evaluating digestive radiology?

A

Esophagus and pharynx
Stomach (location of the fundus , pylorus, margins, opacity, size and shape)
Duodenum (location, margins, opacity, size and shape) *check VD and left lateral view
Small intestines: location, margins, opacity, size and shape
Cecum: location, margins, opacity, size and shape
Colon; location, margins, opacity, size and shape

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2
Q

What do you evaluate when looking at the stomach?

A

Stomach (location of the fundus , pylorus, margins, opacity, size and shape)

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3
Q

What do you evaluate when looking at the Duodenum?

A

Duodenum (location, margins, opacity, size and shape) *check VD and left lateral view

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4
Q

What do you evaluate when looking at the small intestines?

A

Small intestines: location, margins, opacity, size and shape

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5
Q

What do you evaluate when looking at the cecum and colon?

A

location, margins, opacity, size and shape

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6
Q

What is the proper technique when viewing the esophagus?

A

Always make survey radiographs!
Caudal pharynx to cranial abdomen (cardia)
*Make sure you radiograph the entire esophagus

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 3

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7
Q

How do you evaluate if there are foreign objects in the stomach?

A

Gastric foreign objects are obvious if mineral or metal opacity
-Fish hooks, bones, needles.
If not obvious and an FB is suspected..
-Always make both lateral views. Repeat radiographs (can be helpful) contrast studies, ultrasound, endoscopy.

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8
Q

What is the hardest material to view in the stomach?

A

Plastics!

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 4

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9
Q

What is the radiographic anatomy of the stomach

A

Pyloric positon.
Gastric axis
Recumbency
Appearance depends on the volume of gas and fluid.
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 6 & 7 & 8

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10
Q

***What is the radiographic anatomy of the stomach

Cardia

A

Not very obvious

*directly from the esophagus

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11
Q

***What is the radiographic anatomy of the stomach..

Fundus

A

Dorsal on lateral views (top)

Left on VD/DV

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12
Q

***What is the radiographic anatomy of the stomach

Body

A

Contains gas on VD view

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13
Q

***What is the radiographic anatomy of the stomach

Pylorus

A

Ventral on lateral views

Right on VD/DV

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14
Q

How does GDV appear on radiographs?

A

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 8

View the position of the pylorus (on top)
Nearly all of them are 180s dorsal on the left.

VD big air pocket
DV can see the pylorus
Right lateral can see the pylorus ventrally.

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15
Q

When diagnosing GDV, what is a clue that can tell you it is just dilation, not GDV?

A

You see dilation of the stomach and the pylorus, but both are in normal position in the right lateral view.
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 9

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16
Q

What is the best view for observing a GDV on radiograph?

A

DV Like gDV

Typically there is a lot of gas with GDV and you will not see the pylorus.
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 10

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17
Q

if you want to observe the pylorus (dorsal and left) choose what view?

A

Right lateral view

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 11

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18
Q

Pyloric obstruction is due to..

A

Pyloric stenosis
Mucosal hypertrophy
Neoplasia
Foreign object

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 12

19
Q

What is the normal gastric emptying time in the dog?

A

2 hours

20
Q

What is the normal gastric emptying time in the cat?

A

1 hour

21
Q

What are abnormal radiographic findings in the stomach?

A 
Delayed gastric emptying.
Filling defects (foreign objects, ingesta, granulomas, and neoplasia)
Pyloric stenosis (dynamic, need more then one image)
22
Q

What is pyloric outflow disease?

A

Hypertrophy, tumor, spasm, inflammation, foreign object..
Chronic dilation may result in gastric distention.

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 14

23
Q

Clinical signs of small intestine disease..

A 
Vomiting 
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Abdominal pain
Palpation of a mass
24
Q

What are normal findings associated with the small intestines?

A

Descending duodenum often filed with gas.
Cats bowel tends to contain very little gas.
Normal diameter in dog..
1.5 x the height of the middle the body of L5
Normal diameter of cat..
Cat is less then 12 mm or about twice the height of L4

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 14

25
Q

Is there such thing as too much gas if not dilated?

A

No
Called aerophagia
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 16

26
Q

What is the radiographic anatomy of the lumen of the small intestines?

A

Luminal content (gas, fluid, ect)

  • Can very rarely asses gastric (never bowel) thickness on plane abdominal radiographs!
  • View digestive radiology lecture; slide 17
27
Q

What is the normal bowel pattern?

A

Normal relaxed, even loops.

28
Q

What is abnormal bowel pattern?

A

Stacked loops (ileus)
Irregular or tortuous (gathered) linear foreign objects or adhesions.
*Looks like scrunchies
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 18

29
Q

What is lack of peristalsis in the small intestines?

A

Dilation (ileus)

30
Q

What is paralytic ileus?

A

Lack of peristalsis

  • Pain, drugs, chronic* mechanical ileus, dehydration.
  • More generalized than mechanical
  • Typically less enlarged (dilated then mechanical)
31
Q

What is mechanical ileus?

A

Obstructive
Foreign objects, neoplasia, intussusception.
Mechanical is focal unless very severe!
You will see more dilation with obstruction!
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 19

32
Q

How can you diagnose linear foreign objects in the small intestines?

A

Linear foreign objects; plicated bowel, eccentric gas bubbles. *Especially with cats
Material is fixed in orad libation.. (dogs 87% of the time is pylorus) (cats 90% it is under the tounge in cats at it is thread)
*Nearly twice as fatal in dogs then cats.
More severe bowel lacerations
Ingested fabric and plastic
25% concurrent intussusception
**View digestive radiology lecture; slide 20, 21 and 22

33
Q

When evaluating the bowel, make sure you are not mistaking the colon for..

A

dilated small bowel!
Know the position of the colon!
*Look for dilated bowel filled with fluid as well as gas!
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 23

34
Q

What is the gravel sign?

A

See areas of mineral and debris, this is due to constriction, stuff settles at the site.

35
Q

What is commonly seen in young puppies and kittens, can be idiopathic, due to intestinal parasites, viral enteritis, surgery or an intestinal mass (neoplasia/granuloma)

A

Intussusception!

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 24

Looks like foreign material inside, smooth tissue inside.

36
Q

Foreign object obstruction on radiographs..

A

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 25

37
Q

Dog cecum on radiographs:

A

Spiral and often filled with gas.
Ileocolic junction and cecocolic junction.
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 26

38
Q

Cats cecum on radiographs:

A

Cecum is a comma shaped pouch at the end of the colon and rarely contains gas.
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 26

39
Q

What is a condition of congenital atony in the small bowel of bernese mountain dogs?

A

Redundant colon

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 27 & 28

40
Q

What study can you do to observe to cecum/colon in a small animal?

What can you observe with a barium enema?

A 
Barium enema (double contrast is more informative)
*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 29 & 30
Cecal inversion (cecum goes into the colon, hemorrhage and bleeding in the stool)
Cecocolic intussusception
Pneumocolon
41
Q

What can you observe with a barium enema that causes filling defects along the wall?

A

Ulcerative colitis
Acute and chronic

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 31

42
Q

The diameter of the colon is less then the length of..

A

L7

43
Q

What does megacolon in the cat look like?

A

*View digestive radiology lecture; slide 32

Diagnostic Imaging FINAL (10 decks)

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