Ultrasound misc. Flashcards
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 2
Adrenal glands
Peanuts
Near the aorta
Where do adrenals live?
Retroperitoneal space. Craniomedial to the kidneys Lateral to the great vessels -Left adrenal is lateral to the aorta -Right adrenal is lateral to the caudal vena cava Cranial to the renal vessels.
Tumors of the right adrenal is more likely to invade the..
caudal vena cava.
Right adrenal is lateral to the…
caudal vena cava
Left adrenal is lateral to the..
aorta
Left adrenal gland:
Ventral/lateral to the aorta.
Caudal to the cranial mesenteric artery.
Cranial to the left renal artery.
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 4
Left adrenal gland
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 5
Right adrenal gland
Right adrenal gland:
Dorsolateral to the caudal vena cava
Ventral to the aorta
Cranial to the right renal artery
Normal adrenal gland:
Size in totally healthy dogs?
7.4 mm thick in healthy dogs
Normal adrenal gland:
Size in smaller dogs:
6 mm in smaller dogs
Normal adrenal gland:
Size in larger dogs
8 mm in larger dogs
Normal adrenal gland:
Size in cats (ovoid shape)
4 mm in cats
Normal adrenal gland on ultrasound:
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 6
Hypoechoic to kidney and surrounding fat.
Corticomedullary junction may be seen.
Left adrenal is “peanut shaped”.
Right adrenal may be “bent arrow shaped”
Incidental mineralization may be seen in older cats.
Common adrenal lesions:
Adrenal nebulomas are common.
-Hyperplasia, Adenoma, Adenocarcinoma, Pheochromocytoma.
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 7
Adrenal leisons
Adrenal leisons
Normal ultrasonography appearance..
Doesn’t rule out hyperplasia (or hypoplasia)
Most adrenal lesions will manifest as an increase in size
You cant tell if a lesion is neoplastic based on its ultrasonography appearance.
Only the pathologist knows
Adrenal leisons
Hyperplasia
Often bilateral (PDH) Usually <2cm thick Doesn't invade vessels Not usually mineralized (dogs) *Normal mineralized in cats PDH = pituitary dependent hyperplasia
Adrenal leisons
Neoplasia
Usually unilateral Likely neoplastic if >4cm May invade vessels (esp. rt) May be mineralized May metastasize
Adrenal leisons
Vascular involvement
Tumors can compress or invade the surrounding vessels
-Right adrenal mass easily invades the CVC
Whenever you see an adrenal mass, check for thrombus or invasion of vessels.
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage may be present.
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 10, 11 and 12
Vascular involvement
*Pheochromocytoma (adrenal mass)
Lymph nodes:
Hepatic (caudal to liver)
Left colic (near iliocolic junction)
Mesenteric (jejunal) (adjacent to bowels)
Sublumbar
Sublumbar nodes:
Medial iliac
Internal iliac
Sacral
Sublumbar nodes: Medial iliac Internal iliac Sacral Common causes for abnormalities:
Lymphoscarcoma
Anal gland disease
Prostate and bladder disease
Reactive nodes; systemic inflammation, local inflammation.
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 14
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 15
Medial iliac
Near the intervertebral disc space
Normal: 3 to 4 mm thick; mild may be hypoechoic and rounded
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 16
Ultrasound of the medial iliac lymph nodes in the dogs
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 17
Thyroid and parathyroid
PT may be in or next to the thyroid.
High frequency probe is needed!
Parathyroid gland in dogs
4mm
Parathyroid gland in cats
2mm
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 18
Parathyroid gland
*View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 19
Thyroid disease
Size and function of thyroid glands:
Size and function do not correlate.
The large mass on the previous slide may not be functional, while a normal size and shape TG may be functioning abnormally.
Musculoskeletal US Tendons Ligaments Joints *View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 22
Equine limbs
Musculoskeletal US Tendons Ligaments Joints *View ultrasound misc. lecture; slide 23
Bicipital tendon
