Urogenital Pathology Flashcards
What is nodular hyperplasia or benign prostatic hyperplasia?
enlargement of the prostate - overgrowth of epithelium and fibromuscular tissue of the transition zone
What are the cause of the symptoms of BPH?
interference with muscular sphincteric function and by obstruction of urine flow through the prostatic urethra
Are carcinomas or nodular hyperplasias more likely to occur in the peripheral glands of the prostate?
carcinomas (therefore symptoms are more delayed)
What 3 pathogenic changes occur in nodular hyperplasia?
- nodule formation
- diffuse enlargement of the transition zone and periurethral tissue
- enlargement of nodules
What is the believe aetiology of nodular hyperplasia?
impaired cell death
How is prostate cancer treated?
surgery, radiation therapy and hormonal manipulations
What is the most common treatment for clinically localised prostate cancer?
radical prostatectomy
Which system is used to grade prostate cancer?
Gleason scoring system
How does a seminoma present?
testicular enlargement (with or without pain) and metasteses - elevated serum PLAP and hCG
How does a teratoma present?
gradual testicular swelling (with or without pain) - do not secrete tumour markers
What are the 2 important roles of the testes?
to produce sperm and androgens
What are both seminomas and teratomas?
pure germ cell tumours (of ones histological type)
Which pre-existing medical conditions have an association with TGCT?
- prior TGCT in contralateral testicle
- cryptorchidism
- impaired spermatogenesis
- inguinal hernia
- hydrocele
- disorders of sexual development
- prior testicular biopsy
- testicular atrophy
At what age are teratomas most common?
first and second decades of life
At what ages are seminomas most common?
35-45 yrs old (uncommon over 50 yrs, very rare in children)
