Childhood Viral Infections

Question 1

When is IgM produced by the body?

Answer 1

In acute infection

Question 2

When is IgG produced?

Answer 2

In long term immunity

Question 3

Which immunoglobulin is in breast milk?

Answer 3

IgA

Question 4

What viral infections do expect in children with a rash?

Answer 4

parvovirus, measles, chickenpox, rubella, non-polio enterovirus infection, EBV

Question 5

What virus causes measles?

Answer 5

paramyxovirus (enveloped single stranded RNA virus)

Question 6

How is measles transmitted?

Answer 6

person to person, droplet spread

Question 7

When is measles infective?

Answer 7

from start of first symptoms (4days before rash to 4 days after disappearance of rash)

Question 8

How long should a child with measles be incubated for?

Answer 8

7-18 days

Question 9

What are the clinical features of measles?

Answer 9

rash + fever + cough/coryza/conjunctivitus

Question 10

Define prodrome

Answer 10

early symptom indicating onset of disease

Question 11

What are four main complications of measles?

Answer 11

otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhoea, acute encephalitis

Question 12

How do you diagnose measles?

Answer 12

clinical, leukopenia, oral fluid sample, serology

Question 13

How do you treat measles?

Answer 13

supportive treatment, antibiotics for superinfection

Question 14

What virus causes chicken pox?

Answer 14

varicella zoster virus, Herpes virus (DNA virus)

Question 15

How is chicken pox transmitted?

Answer 15

respiratory spread/personal contact

Question 16

How long should people with chicken pox be incubated for?

Answer 16

14-15 days

Question 17

When is chicken pox infective?

Answer 17

2 days before onset of rash until after vesicles dry up

Question 18

What are the clinical features of VZV (chicken pox)?

Answer 18

fever, malaise, anorexia, rash

Question 19

How do you treat chicken pox?

Answer 19

symptomatic adults and immunocompromised children - aciclovir oral
chlorpheniramien can relieve itch

Question 20

What virus causes rubella?

Answer 20

togavirus (RNA virus)

Question 21

How is rubella transmitted?

Answer 21

dropplet spread - air-bourne

Question 22

What is the incubation period for rubella?

Answer 22

14-21 days

Question 23

When is rubella infective?

Answer 23

one week before rash to 4 days after

Question 24

What are the clinical features of rubella?

Answer 24

lymphadenopathy, rash

Question 25

What are the complication of rubella?

Answer 25

thrombocytopaenia, post infectious encephalitis

Question 26

What can congenital rubella syndrome cause?

Answer 26

- cataracts - deafness - cardiac abnormalities - microcephaly - retardation of intra-uterine growth - inflammatory lesions

Question 27

When are IgM and IgG detectable in rubella?

Answer 27

from onset of rash

Question 28

How is parvovirus B19 transmitted?

Answer 28

respiratory secretions or from mother to child

Question 29

What is the incubation period for parvovirus B19?

Answer 29

4-14 days

Question 30

What are the clinical features of parvovirus B19?

Answer 30

- minor respiratory illness - rash (slapped cheek) - arthralgia - aplastic anaemia - anaemia in the immunosuppressed

Question 31

What percentage of enteroviral infections are asymptomatic?

Answer 31

90%

Question 32

What do you expect in a child with respiratory symptoms?

Answer 32

- respiratory syncytial virus - parainfluenza - influenza - adenovirus - metapneumovirus - rhinovirus

Question 33

How would you manage respiratory syncytial virus?

Answer 33

O2, manage fever and fluid intake

Question 34

What type of virus is metapneumovirus?

Answer 34

paramyxovirus

Question 35

Which virus accounts for 10% of childhood respiratory infection?

Answer 35

adenovirus

Question 36

How many types of parainfluenza are there?

Answer 36

4 (1 in winter, 3 in summer)

Question 37

How is parainfluenza transmitted?

Answer 37

person to person - inhalation

Question 38

What are the clinical features of parainfluenza?

Answer 38

croup, bronchiolitis, URTI

Question 39

What do you expect in a child with diarrhoea?

Answer 39

rotavirus or notovirus

Question 40

How is rotavirus transmitted?

Answer 40

faecal-oral, occasionally respiratory

Question 41

What is the incubation period for rotavirus?

Answer 41

1-2 days

Question 42

Does rotavirus have a high or low infective does?

Answer 42

LOW

Question 43

What are the clinical features of rotavirus?

Answer 43

diarrhoea and vomitting

Question 44

How do you manage rotavirus?

Answer 44

rehydration

Question 45

How can rotavirus be prevented?

Answer 45

oral live vaccine (UK introduction in 2013)

Question 46

How is notovirus trasnmitted?

Answer 46

person to person spread (foodbourne)

Question 47

How do you manage notovirus?

Answer 47

rehydration

Question 48

Which viral family are mumps in?

Answer 48

paramyxoviridae family

Question 49

How is mumps transmitted?

Answer 49

direct contac, droplet spread, fomites

Question 50

What is the incubation period for mumps?

Answer 50

2-4 weeks

Question 51

What are the clinical manifestations of mumps in the second 24hrs?

Answer 51

earache, tenderness over iplsilateral parotid