Lower Respiratory tract infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are factors that predispose someone to LRTIs?

A
  • loss/suppression of cough reflex/swallow
  • ciliary defects
  • mucus disorders
  • pulmonary oedema
  • immunodeficiency
  • macrophage function inhibition
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2
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

inflammation and oedema of trachea and bronchi

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3
Q

How does acute bronchitis present?

A

cough (typically dry), dyspnoea and tachypnoea

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4
Q

What are the usual cause of acute bronchitis?

A

viruses (rhinovirus, coranovirus, adenovirus, influenza)

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5
Q

How would you treat acute bronchitis?

A

-supportive treatment for healthy patients
-severe disease may require oxygen therapy
(-antibiotics in bacterial infection)

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6
Q

Define chronic bronchitis

A

cough productive of sputum on most days during at least 3 months of 2 successive years

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7
Q

What mediated the inflammation and oedema in chronic bronchitis?

A

exogenous irritants

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8
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

inflammation and oedema of bronchioles

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9
Q

How does bronchiolitis present?

A

acute onset wheeze, cough, nasal discharge, respiratory distress

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

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11
Q

Which age group is most at risk of bronchiolitis?

A

infants (2-10 months)

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12
Q

What tests would you require to diagnose bronchiolitis?

A

chest x-ray and full blood count and microbiological diagnosis

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13
Q

How would you treat bronchiolitis?

A

-supportive: oxygen, feeding assistance

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14
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

infection affecting the most distal airway and alveoli (with formation of inflammatory exudate)

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of bronchopneumonia?

A

patchy distribution centred on inflamed bronchioles and bronchi then subsequent spread to alveoli

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16
Q

What is the main cause of lobar pneumonia?

A

> S. pneumoniae

17
Q

Define hospital acquired pneumonia

A

pneumonia developing >48hrs after hospital admission

18
Q

Define ventilator acquired pneumonia

A

pneumonia developing >48hrs after ET incubation and ventilation

19
Q

Define aspiration pneumonia

A

pneumonia resulting for the abnormal entry of fluids into the lower respiratory tract

20
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial community acquired pneumonia?

A
  • rapid onset
  • fever/chills
  • productive cough
  • mucopurulent sputum
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • malaise
21
Q

What are the signs of bacterial community acquired pneumonia?

A

tachypnoea, tachycardia, hypotension, dull to percuss, bronchial breathing

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A
  • autumn epidemics
  • commonest in children and young adults
  • main symptom is cough
  • complications include: pericarditis, peripheral neuropathy
23
Q

What is the clinical presentation of legionella pneumophilia?

A
  • colonises water piping systems
  • outbreaks associated with showers
  • high fevers, rigors, cough (dry then become productive)
24
Q

What is the clinical presentation of chlamydophila pneumonia?

A
  • incidence highest in elderly

- causes mild pneumonia or bronchitis

25
Q

What is the clinical presentation of chlamyophila psittaci?

A
  • associated with exposure to birds

- may also have rash, hepatitis, haemolytic anaemia, reactive arthritis

26
Q

What is the clinical presentation of viral influenza?

A

fever, headache, myalgia, dry cough, sore throat

27
Q

How would primary viral pneumonia present?

A

cough, breathlessness, cyanosis

28
Q

Which patients are offered a pneumococcal vaccination?

A
  • patients with chronic heart, lung and kidney disease

- patients with splenectomy