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Equine > Uro and optho > Flashcards

Uro and optho Flashcards

1
Q

what antibiotics can have renal effects in horses

A

Aminoglycoside like Gentamicin
Oxytet

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2
Q

What reagent strip result is false in horse urinalysis?

A

Protein due to their alkaline urine

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3
Q

What two compounds measure GFR

A

Creatinine and urea

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4
Q

When does AKI commonly occur? and what happens?

A

Hospitalised horses show a marked decrease in GFR

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5
Q

What can cause Haemodynamic AKI?

A

Conditions causing sustained marked hypotension like enterocolitis, septic shock, Haemorrhagic shock, coagulopathy

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6
Q

What can cause nephrotoxic AKI?

A

Antibiotics (Aminoglycosides + Oxytet)
NSAIDs
Myopathies and haemolysis (Myoglobin and Hb cause tubular damage)
Vitamin D

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7
Q

What blood parameter is increased with ARF?

A

Creatinine

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8
Q

What USG are ARF patients typically?

A

Isosthenuric
Hyposthenuric if pre-renal

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9
Q

Ultrasound appearance of AKI kidneys

A

Increased cortico-medullary definition
Enlarged kidneys

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10
Q

Common immune complexes that can cause CKD by glomerular disease?

A

Streptococcus complex deposition
Also equine infectious anaemia

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11
Q

Common signs of CRF?

A

PU/PD, weight loss, ventral oedema

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12
Q

Dietary management of CKD:

A
  1. Balanced protein to maintain weight
  2. Low salt
  3. Low carbohydrates
  4. Encourage diuresis
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13
Q

Brown/red urine, Heam +ive, once spun has clear supernatant =

A

Whole blood so haematuria

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14
Q

Common cause of Myoglobinuria

A

Myopathy => myoglobin in blood causes tubular damage => myoglobin enters urine

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15
Q

Common cause of haemoglobinuria

A

Intravascular haemolysis

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16
Q

Causes of haematuria

A

Exercise-induced, uroliths, UTI, pyelonephritis, neoplasia

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17
Q

What are the 4 physiological causes of PUPD

A

Excess diet protein
excess diet salt
High environmental temperature
Drugs like glucocorticoids, alpha-2, diuretics

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18
Q

Most common cause of PUPD in adult horses

A

Is it not PPID??

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19
Q

What 3 mechanics cause PUPD in PPID

A
  1. osmotic dieresis due to high plasma glucose
  2. ADH antagonism by cortisol
  3. Adenoma growth may effect ADH storage and production in pituitary gland
20
Q

What are the two forms of diabetes insidious

A
  1. Neurogenic (inadequate ADH secretion)
  2. Nephrogenic (decreased sensitivity)
21
Q

Signs of DI after water deprivation test:

A

Failure to concentrate urine

22
Q

How does cortisol cause PUPD in EMS and PPID?

A

High cortisol = antagonises insulin = higher blood glucose = osmotic dieresis ve
also antagonises ADH

23
Q

Value for Hypothosthenuria? and what does it indicate?

A

USG <1.008
Kidney actively excreting water
DI and APP

24
Q

Value for Isosthenuria? and what does it indicate?

A

USG 1.008-1.014
Kidney neither concentrating or diluting
CRF

25
Q

Use of the water deprivation test?

A

To differentiate PI from APP

26
Q

What is Anisocoria

A

unequal pupil sizes

27
Q

what is Epiphora

A

excessive tearing caused by excessive tear production or secondary to poor drainage

28
Q

what is miosis

A

Pupil constriction

29
Q

what is Mydriasis

A

Pupil dilation

30
Q

Difference between horse optic disc and other species?

A

Sits in non-tapetal fundus (sits across both in others)
Lots of fine blood vessels (only 2/3 larger BVs in others)

31
Q

Reflexes and responses to check in horses

A

Responses = menace
Reflexes = PLR, dazzle, palpebral

32
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Upper eyelid drooping

33
Q

What nerve can be blocked for ophthalmology?

A

auriculopalpebral

34
Q

Use of a slit lamp:

A

To distinguish depth of lesions

35
Q

Name a mydriatic that can help in examinations

A

Tropicamide
Atropine technically but lasts a couple weeks… (use in uveitis)

36
Q

Where is the cornea thicker when checked with tonometry?

A

Thin = centre
Thick = limbus

37
Q

What topical anaesthesia can be used

A

Tetracaine or proxymetacaine

38
Q

2 common eye dyes

A

Fluorescein
Rose bengal

39
Q

What are vitreous floaters? and what do they indicate?

A

= proteinaceous debris floating in the vitreous.
Sign that there’s been inflammation

40
Q

Common steps in corneal ulcer management

A
  1. Debride
  2. Manage pain (NSAIDs)
  3. Antibiotics (Cloxacillin or chloramphenicol)
41
Q

What should never be used with corneal ulcers

A

STEROIDS!

42
Q

What virus can cause keratitis

A

EHV

43
Q

Treatment of immune-mediated keratitis? And what should you check first?

A

Dexamethasone
ONLY if no fluorescein uptake first

44
Q

Two common bulbar neoplasia

A

SCC
Melanoma

45
Q

What can cause uveitis? Tx?

A

Trauma, ulceration, ocular disease

Atropine and topical steroids

46
Q

When is uveitis suspected as Equine recurrent uveitis

A

More than once => suspect ERU

Equine (11 decks)

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