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Equine > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which teeth have roots in which sinuses?

A

8 in rostral maxillary
9, 10, 11 in caudal maxillary

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2
Q

Name 3 common conditions of the nasal passages

A

Neoplasia
Ethmoid haematoma
Fungal granuloma

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3
Q

Most preferred surgery for DDSP

A

Tie forward

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4
Q

what is hobday

A

Ventriculectomy (Hobday) for RLN
* Removal of the mucus membrane lining the laryngeal ventricle = adhesions between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages and reduced filling of the ventricles.
* Ventriculocordectomy = most surgeons will remove vocal cords too

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5
Q

Most preferred surgery for RLN

A

Tie back- only one muscle abducts airway to open (typically right), so surgery permanently abducts it

o Laryngoplasty

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6
Q

What 3 other conditions can narrow the larynx?

A

Arytenoid chondropathy - Inflamed cartilage obstructs airway
Intralaryngeal granulation tissue
Sub epiglottic cysts

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7
Q

Respiratory tract examination steps

A

Examination at rest
Use of rebreathing bag
Examination after exercise
+/- Oral/dental/neurological

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8
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of Influenza

A

Nasal swab – ELISA for antigen, PCR for viral RNA. Also serum samples to assess antibody titre

Nursing and anti-inflammatories (ABs if secondary infection)

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9
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of EHV 1 + 4

A

Nasal swab – PCR for viral DNA
Also blood samples to assess antibody titre

Rest, nursing and anti-inflammatories

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10
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of equine viral arteritis

A

Virus isolation (PCR) from fluids, blood or tissue
ELISA for antibody screening in horses with no signs (pre-breeding or sale)

Supportive care. Can be persistent infection

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11
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of lung worm (dictyocaulus arnfieldi)

A

L1 in faeces, tracheal wash to look for eggs and larvae

Moxidectin and ivermectin

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12
Q

What bacteria causes strangles?
Signs?

A

Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi
Pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, RF/SM LN abscessation, guttural pouch empyema when RF rupture into them

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13
Q

How to diagnose strangles?

A

Acute disease:
- Culture (but lots of false negatives)
- PCR of NP lavage best, (followed by NP swabbing & then nasal swabbing)

Persisting disease:
- PCR of endoscopic guttural pouch lavage best!
- Or perform 3 NP swabs 7 days apart (because of intermittent shedding)

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14
Q

Signs of pneumonia

A

Exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, crackles and wheezes and dull areas, mucous on endoscopy

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15
Q

Signs of pleuropneumonia

A

Pain at intercostal spaces, reluctance to walk, colic, elbow abduction

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16
Q

Antibiotics for pneumonia

A

Penicillin and gentamicin
+ Metronidazole in aspiration pneumonia for more anaerobic cover

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17
Q

Inhaled antibiotics pneumonia

A

Gentimicin
Ceftiofour
Cefquinome

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18
Q

Best diagnostic test for pneumonia?

A

Transtracheal wash

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19
Q

Best diagnostic test for equine asthma?

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage

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20
Q

Causes of profuse epistaxis (nasal cavity)

A

Iatrogenic, ethmoid haematoma, trauma (fracture)

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21
Q

Causes of scant epistaxis (nasal cavity)

A

Foreign bodies, fungal granulomas, neoplasms

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22
Q

Causes of epistaxis (GP)

A

Mycoses, FB, neoplasia, purpura haemorrhagic, DIC, rectus capitis muscle rupture

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23
Q

Causes of epistaxis (trachea and lungs)

A

Pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), trauma, neoplasia, FB, pneumonia, iatrogenic (NG tube ect)

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24
Q

2 things that foals are at risk of aspirating

A

Meconium and milk

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25
Q

What can you see on a radiograph of a foal with atelectasis

A

Diffuse soft tissue opacity as lungs aren’t filled with air

26
Q

Treatment of parasitic pneumonia (Parascris equorum)

A

Fenbendazole or Pyrantel

27
Q

3 common reasons for neonate bacterial pneumonia and most common bacteria

A

Haematogenous spread via bacteraemia
Secondary to meconium or milk aspiration

E.coli most common

28
Q

Bacteria typically causing young foal bacterial pneumonia

A

Strep equi subs. Zooepidemicus most common, followed by Rhodococcus Equi

29
Q

Best diagnostic test to check for bacterial infection (secondary to equine asthma)?

A

Transtracheal wash – non-contaminated

30
Q

Diagnostic test for virus isolation?

A

Nasopharyngeal swab

31
Q

Diagnostic test to assess exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage?

A

Transendoscopic tracheal wash – sterility isn’t important

32
Q

Diagnostic test for strep. Equi?

A

Acute = NP swab
Chrnoci= Guttural pouch lavage best

33
Q

Moderate Equine asthma cytology

A

Abundant macrophages and lymphocytes
Also neutrophilia

34
Q

Neutrophil threshold for sEA

A

Over 25%

Also may be referred to:
s= recurrent obstructive airway disease
m = inflammatory airway disease

35
Q

Distinguishing features of sEA

A

Oder horse, resting dyspnoea, frequent cough (v occasional), recurrence (v none), more neutrophils, more tracheal mucous

36
Q

What is SPAOPD?

A

Sumer pasture associated obstructive pulmonary disease
Disease, in summer… on pasture..

37
Q

Glucocorticoids to treat equine asthma

A

dexamethasone (best)
Often followed by inhaled therapy of fluticasone

38
Q

Other drug for equine asthma?

A

Bronchodilators – clenbuterol (PO/IV/inhaled), salbutamol (inhaled), albuterol (inhaled)

Inhaled used in mild
Systemic in severe (clean is the only systemic)

39
Q

5 environmental tips to owners

A

Keep outside
Good ventilation
Free or urine/manure (ammonia fumes)
Pelleted feed, soak hay/haylage
Dust free shavings

40
Q

4 environmental tips for SPAOPD

A

Keep inside
Cool, clean environment
Dust free shavings
Pelleted feed

41
Q

What grade murmur is a similar volume to S1/S2?

A

Grade 3

42
Q

What grade murmur comes with a palpable thrill?

A

Grade 5

43
Q

What side is mitral regurgitation heard on?

A

Left, projects caudo dorsally

44
Q

What side is tricuspid regurgitation heard on?

A

Right, projects cranio dorsally

45
Q

What shape is aortic regurgitation?

A

Decrescendo (on left side)

46
Q

Name the common viral and bacterial causes of pericarditis?

A

Equine arteritis, equine influenza
Secondary to Strep.pneumoniae, E.coli, Actinobacillus

47
Q

Most common cause of jugular thrombosis

A

Catheterisation or IV injection

48
Q

Alternative vein?

A

Lateral thoracic
(cephalic too but less used)

49
Q

What does aortic thrombosis present as?

A

Exercise associated hindlimb lameness and poor performance

50
Q

What does vascular rupture present as?

A

Severe distress post exercise

51
Q

What does endocardial disease manifest as?

A

Murmurs (diagnose with echo and auscultation)

52
Q

What does myocardial disease manifest as?

A

Dysrhythmias (diagnose with ECG)

53
Q

4 conditions that may lead to myocardial dysfunction?

A

Electrolyte abnormalities, increase muscle mass, increased chamber size (cardiomyopathy), myocarditis

54
Q

3 causes of cardiomyopathy in large animals?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, toxic causes

55
Q

What is a normal ECG finding in horses?

A

Second degree AV block that disappears with exercise (P waves not followed by QRS)
Due to high vagal tone

56
Q

Common signs of atrial fibrillation

A

None, exercise intolerance, epistaxis, weakness

57
Q

What are the two types of AF?

A

Paroxysmal – lasts less than 1 or 2 days
Sustained

58
Q

Diagnostic signs of AF

A

Irregularly irregular rhythm
No clear P waves, normal QRS, fibrillation waves, R-R variation

59
Q

Treatment of AF

A

Used to use quinidine sulphate but lots of side effects
Now use DC cardioversion

60
Q

Treatment of ventricular Dysrhythmias

A

Lidocaine (beware toxic side effects) and magnesium commonly

61
Q

Clinical significance of ventricular septal defects?

A

Most common congenital defect and small defects have excellent prognosis

Equine (11 decks)

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