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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which teeth have roots in which sinuses?

A

8 in rostral maxillary
9, 10, 11 in caudal maxillary

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2
Q

Name 3 common conditions of the nasal passages

A

Neoplasia
Ethmoid haematoma
Fungal granuloma

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3
Q

Most preferred surgery for DDSP

A

Tie forward

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4
Q

what is hobday

A

Ventriculectomy (Hobday) for RLN
* Removal of the mucus membrane lining the laryngeal ventricle = adhesions between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages and reduced filling of the ventricles.
* Ventriculocordectomy = most surgeons will remove vocal cords too

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5
Q

Most preferred surgery for RLN

A

Tie back- only one muscle abducts airway to open (typically right), so surgery permanently abducts it

o Laryngoplasty

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6
Q

What 3 other conditions can narrow the larynx?

A

Arytenoid chondropathy - Inflamed cartilage obstructs airway
Intralaryngeal granulation tissue
Sub epiglottic cysts

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7
Q

Respiratory tract examination steps

A

Examination at rest
Use of rebreathing bag
Examination after exercise
+/- Oral/dental/neurological

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8
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of Influenza

A

Nasal swab – ELISA for antigen, PCR for viral RNA. Also serum samples to assess antibody titre

Nursing and anti-inflammatories (ABs if secondary infection)

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9
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of EHV 1 + 4

A

Nasal swab – PCR for viral DNA
Also blood samples to assess antibody titre

Rest, nursing and anti-inflammatories

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10
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of equine viral arteritis

A

Virus isolation (PCR) from fluids, blood or tissue
ELISA for antibody screening in horses with no signs (pre-breeding or sale)

Supportive care. Can be persistent infection

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11
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of lung worm (dictyocaulus arnfieldi)

A

L1 in faeces, tracheal wash to look for eggs and larvae

Moxidectin and ivermectin

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12
Q

What bacteria causes strangles?
Signs?

A

Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi
Pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, RF/SM LN abscessation, guttural pouch empyema when RF rupture into them

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13
Q

How to diagnose strangles?

A

Acute disease:
- Culture (but lots of false negatives)
- PCR of NP lavage best, (followed by NP swabbing & then nasal swabbing)

Persisting disease:
- PCR of endoscopic guttural pouch lavage best!
- Or perform 3 NP swabs 7 days apart (because of intermittent shedding)

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14
Q

Signs of pneumonia

A

Exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, crackles and wheezes and dull areas, mucous on endoscopy

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15
Q

Signs of pleuropneumonia

A

Pain at intercostal spaces, reluctance to walk, colic, elbow abduction

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16
Q

Antibiotics for pneumonia

A

Penicillin and gentamicin
+ Metronidazole in aspiration pneumonia for more anaerobic cover

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17
Q

Inhaled antibiotics pneumonia

A

Gentimicin
Ceftiofour
Cefquinome

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18
Q

Best diagnostic test for pneumonia?

A

Transtracheal wash

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19
Q

Best diagnostic test for equine asthma?

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage

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20
Q

Causes of profuse epistaxis (nasal cavity)

A

Iatrogenic, ethmoid haematoma, trauma (fracture)

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21
Q

Causes of scant epistaxis (nasal cavity)

A

Foreign bodies, fungal granulomas, neoplasms

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22
Q

Causes of epistaxis (GP)

A

Mycoses, FB, neoplasia, purpura haemorrhagic, DIC, rectus capitis muscle rupture

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23
Q

Causes of epistaxis (trachea and lungs)

A

Pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), trauma, neoplasia, FB, pneumonia, iatrogenic (NG tube ect)

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24
Q

2 things that foals are at risk of aspirating

A

Meconium and milk

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25
What can you see on a radiograph of a foal with atelectasis
Diffuse soft tissue opacity as lungs aren’t filled with air
26
Treatment of parasitic pneumonia (Parascris equorum)
Fenbendazole or Pyrantel
27
3 common reasons for neonate bacterial pneumonia and most common bacteria
Haematogenous spread via bacteraemia Secondary to meconium or milk aspiration E.coli most common
28
Bacteria typically causing young foal bacterial pneumonia
Strep equi subs. Zooepidemicus most common, followed by Rhodococcus Equi
29
Best diagnostic test to check for bacterial infection (secondary to equine asthma)?
Transtracheal wash – non-contaminated
30
Diagnostic test for virus isolation?
Nasopharyngeal swab
31
Diagnostic test to assess exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage?
Transendoscopic tracheal wash – sterility isn’t important
32
Diagnostic test for strep. Equi?
Acute = NP swab Chrnoci= Guttural pouch lavage best
33
Moderate Equine asthma cytology
Abundant macrophages and lymphocytes Also neutrophilia
34
Neutrophil threshold for sEA
Over 25% Also may be referred to: s= recurrent obstructive airway disease m = inflammatory airway disease
35
Distinguishing features of sEA
Oder horse, resting dyspnoea, frequent cough (v occasional), recurrence (v none), more neutrophils, more tracheal mucous
36
What is SPAOPD?
Sumer pasture associated obstructive pulmonary disease Disease, in summer... on pasture..
37
Glucocorticoids to treat equine asthma
dexamethasone (best) Often followed by inhaled therapy of fluticasone
38
Other drug for equine asthma?
Bronchodilators – clenbuterol (PO/IV/inhaled), salbutamol (inhaled), albuterol (inhaled) Inhaled used in mild Systemic in severe (clean is the only systemic)
39
5 environmental tips to owners
Keep outside Good ventilation Free or urine/manure (ammonia fumes) Pelleted feed, soak hay/haylage Dust free shavings
40
4 environmental tips for SPAOPD
Keep inside Cool, clean environment Dust free shavings Pelleted feed
41
What grade murmur is a similar volume to S1/S2?
Grade 3
42
What grade murmur comes with a palpable thrill?
Grade 5
43
What side is mitral regurgitation heard on?
Left, projects caudo dorsally
44
What side is tricuspid regurgitation heard on?
Right, projects cranio dorsally
45
What shape is aortic regurgitation?
Decrescendo (on left side)
46
Name the common viral and bacterial causes of pericarditis?
Equine arteritis, equine influenza Secondary to Strep.pneumoniae, E.coli, Actinobacillus
47
Most common cause of jugular thrombosis
Catheterisation or IV injection
48
Alternative vein?
Lateral thoracic (cephalic too but less used)
49
What does aortic thrombosis present as?
Exercise associated hindlimb lameness and poor performance
50
What does vascular rupture present as?
Severe distress post exercise
51
What does endocardial disease manifest as?
Murmurs (diagnose with echo and auscultation)
52
What does myocardial disease manifest as?
Dysrhythmias (diagnose with ECG)
53
4 conditions that may lead to myocardial dysfunction?
Electrolyte abnormalities, increase muscle mass, increased chamber size (cardiomyopathy), myocarditis
54
3 causes of cardiomyopathy in large animals?
Dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, toxic causes
55
What is a normal ECG finding in horses?
Second degree AV block that disappears with exercise (P waves not followed by QRS) Due to high vagal tone
56
Common signs of atrial fibrillation
None, exercise intolerance, epistaxis, weakness
57
What are the two types of AF?
Paroxysmal – lasts less than 1 or 2 days Sustained
58
Diagnostic signs of AF
Irregularly irregular rhythm No clear P waves, normal QRS, fibrillation waves, R-R variation
59
Treatment of AF
Used to use quinidine sulphate but lots of side effects Now use DC cardioversion
60
Treatment of ventricular Dysrhythmias
Lidocaine (beware toxic side effects) and magnesium commonly
61
Clinical significance of ventricular septal defects?
Most common congenital defect and small defects have excellent prognosis

Equine (11 decks)

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