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Equine > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

What sign hints at a strangulation or the presence of necrotic bowel?

A

If lactate in peritoneal fluid is more than double the concentration in blood

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2
Q

What is EOTRH?

A

Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis
Causes reabsorption of roots +/-cement deposition, teeth become loose and painful. Hyperplastic gum margin

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3
Q

What causes caries?

A

Acidogenic bacteria cause erosion to cement

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4
Q

How do you perform the OGAT?

A

Starve horse overnight
(1g/kg in a 10-20% solution) administered by nasogastric tube
Blood glucose should double or increase by at least 80% in the first 2 hours, and then insulin should take over

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5
Q

How thick should the SI and LI be on ultrasound?

A

SI ~ 3mm
LI ~ 4mm

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6
Q

What 2 drugs should you use to treat Cyathostominosis

A

Pre-treat with steroids to prep for inflammation caused by mass emergence of hypobiotic larvae
Then Moxidectin

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7
Q

What number are the wolf teeth

A

xx5

(xx4 = canines)

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8
Q

what is a diastema and how are they caused

A

Diastema - space or gap between two teeth
o Typically due to lack of angulation

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9
Q

how can eruption times help age

A

o Have full set of incisors by aged 5
o Erupt at 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5

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10
Q

what are the dark brown parts in the middle of horses teeth lol

A

secondary dentine, surrounded by primary dentine

Only mandibular teeth have infundibulum which are cream/yellow

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11
Q

which teeth have roots in sinuses

A

upper 08-11
8 + 9 rostral maxillary
10 + 11 caudal maxillary

first two cheek teeth don’t

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12
Q

what two views are used to image the incisors

A

DV
VD

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13
Q

Views to view the cheek teeth
Which ones are not superimosed

A

Lateral lateral
Dorsal ventral

Non-superimposed
Maxillary CT: dorsal lateral, ventral lateral 30 degree oblique
Mandibular CT: ventral lateral, dorsal lateral 45 degrees oblique

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14
Q

signs of a peri-apical abscess on radiography

A
  • Widening of periodontal space
  • Loss of lamina dura (bright)
    Periapical bone lysis
  • Periapical lucency
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15
Q

Common serum protein findings with weight loss

A

Low total proteins and hypoalbuminaeia

can have high total proteins if high globulins in chronic inflammation and neoplasia

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16
Q

signs of liver disease and explanation

A

Weight loss: Anorexia and abnormal metabolism
Colic, D+, ascites: From hepatic swelling, portal hypertension, altered microflora

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17
Q

3 types of CIBD

A

granulomatous enteritis (lymphocytes and macrophages)
eosinophilic enterocolitis (eosinophils)
Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Enterocolitis (in the name)

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18
Q

what biopsies are good for the different types of CIBD

A
  • Eosinophilic = Full-thickness is Gold standard (Also for Lymphoma and Grass sickness (ileum))
  • MEED (type of eosinophilic) = rectal (50% success )
  • Granulomatous enteritis = rectal

Always unreliable for Lymphocytic-plasmacytic

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19
Q

Dx of granulomatous enteritis

A

CS: wight loss, anorexia, skin lesions on coronet
low albumin
rectal biopsy
abnormal OGAT

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20
Q

Dx of lymphocytic enteritis

A

Cs: weight loss
Abnormal OGAT
Biopsy unreliable

21
Q

dx of the different eosinophilic enterocolitis

A

MEED = multisytemic. weight loss, skin lesions, liver disease (high GGT). Albumin and anemia variable
- 50% on rectal biopsy

Focal = segmental lesions. colic. WEIGHT LOSS RARE
- normal albumin and bloods

22
Q

tx of CIBD

A

Prolonged corticosteroid therapy:
- 2 weeks dexamethasone 0.05 mg/kg IM daily for 2 weeks, then preds for 3 weeks
- Or dexamethasone for 3 weeks followed by 6 weeks of tapering

Resection and anastomosis: localized diseases like idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis

Dietary recommendations
o Minimize SI function: more fibre
o Add vegetable oils to diet

23
Q

What causes proliferative enteropathy

A

Lawsonia intracellularis
seen in weaning foals under stress

24
Q

Tx of Proliferative enteropathy

A

Tetracyclines like OxyTet followed by Doxycycline

25
Q

How does a LI large strongyles infection cause diarrhoea

A
  • L4 migrate through intestinal wall  inflammatory cell infiltration  oedema + haemorrhage
  • Increased secretion + decreased absorption

NB large stronglyes =
- Strongylus vulgaris
- Strongylus equinus
- Strongylus edentatus

26
Q

Dx of LI large strongyle infestation

A

WFEC:
- Issue: adults produce eggs, but larvae cause damage to mucosa)
- Issue: Encysted forms: do not produce eggs!
- Negative test doesn’t rule out

27
Q

Difference in disease when small strongyles implicated

A
  • Small stronglyes similar but have a period of hypobiosis
  • Larvae emerge in response to unknown stimulus
    = sudden emergence = Mucosal injury, Ulceration and Inflammatory reaction
28
Q

What causes right dorsal colitis and how to treat

A

NSAIDs (PBZ especially)

Tx;
Withdraw NSAIDs
Misoprostal

29
Q

what is Theiler’s disease

A

Serum associated hepatitis
causes weight loss
caused by blood transfusions or viruses (equine parvovirus)

supportive care only

30
Q

How to definitively diagnoses the hepatic causes of weight loss

A

biopsies

31
Q

Tx of ragwort poisining

A

Irreversible liver damage

Antifibrotic agents
Steroids: dexamethasone or prednisolone several weeks, followed by tapering dose

32
Q

what causes Cholangio-hepatitis

A

Ascending bacterial infection: Salmonellas spp., Klebsiella spp., E. coli., others

Or sepsis: Systemic spread into the liver

33
Q

5 key things to check in colic cases

A
  • MUST CHECK: Pain, Heart rate, Mucous membranes, Gut sounds, Temperature
34
Q

first 3 tests with colic

A
  • Response to analgesia (Don’t give A2 before CE as it is slows gut sounds, HR, RR). Flunixin should see response in 10 minutes
  • Rectal examination (Pelvid flexure on left)
  • Nasogastric intubation (diagnostic and therapeutic): Large volumes of fluid suggest SI obstruction
35
Q

what does high lactate in abomdinal fluid mean

A

 Lactate abnormal if over 2.5
 Intestinal ischemia = abdominal lactate is double systemic lactate

36
Q

Initial management for most colic cases

A

o Buscopan and NSAID (flunixin) – both IV
o Impaction = Oral laxative fluids (MgSO4 / liquid paraffin) via NG tube

37
Q

what part of the stomach are most gastric ulcers found

A

80% of gastric ulcers found in the squamous area

less in the glandular area (darker part)

38
Q

Signs of Dys-autonomia (Grass Sickness)

A
  • Dysphagia + drooling
  • Gut paralysis
  • Rapid weight loss
  • Tucked up appearance (elephant on ball)
  • Patching sweating and muscle tremors
  • Nasal discharge (due to inappropriate swallowing)
  • Rhinitis sicca (dry and crusty)
  • May have oesophageal ulcers due to reflux from stomach as sphincters don’t work
39
Q

dx and tx of grass sickness

A
  • ideally full thickness illegal biopsy
  • Phenylephrine eye drop into one eye

Treatment:
- poor prognosis
- supportive care
- Analgesia
- Anta-acid for ulceration
- Small feeds every 30 mins
- Appetite stimulant (diazepam)
- Prokinetics

40
Q

signs and dx of salmonella diarrhoea

A

large volume of watery diarrhoea
dx: bacteraemia or faecal PCR

41
Q

signs and dx of clostridia

A
  • sudden haemorhhagic diarrhoea (mainly neonates) and pyrexia
    dx: Feacal ELISA to look for endotoxins
42
Q

when does Cyathostomiasis mainly cause disease

A
  • Hypobiotic population = ~ 50% of larval population
  • Mass emergence in spring damages mucosa
43
Q

what are the two syndromes of Cyathostomiasis

A

Spring syndrome (mass emergence) = colic, diarrhoea, weight loss
Autumn syndrome (entering intestinal wall) = more mild colic and diarrhoea

44
Q

what can be felt on a rectal exam

A

starting at 12 and moving anti- clockwise
- caudal pie of left kidney
- spleen
-small colon
- colon (pelvic flexure)
- caecum (bottom right)

45
Q

what do cyantostomiasis look like on rectal glove

A

little red wormies

46
Q

how much fluid should normally come back from and NG tube

A

~ 2 litres

47
Q

which GI parasite can cause obstruction

A

Pasacaris equorum

48
Q

when to isolate a D+ horse

A

2 out of 3 = Isolation
o Pyrexia
o Neutropenia
o Diarrhoea

Equine (11 decks)

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