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Equine > Endo and derm > Flashcards

Endo and derm Flashcards

1
Q

What products are POMC cleaved into in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

ATCH
also MSH and CLIP and b-endorphins

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2
Q

What hormone acts on the pars intermedia to produce ACTH? And on what cells?

A

TRH
Melanocytes

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3
Q

What inhibits the HPA axis at the level of the pituitary?

A

Inhibition = dopamine

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4
Q

What happens to pars intermedia output as day length shortens

A

Increases so hormone concentrations are greater in Autumn

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5
Q

Histological pituitary appearance in PPID?

A

Single large adenomas or multiple small adenomas

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6
Q

What causes PPID?

A

Loss of dopamine inhibition due to neurodegeneration

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7
Q

Haematological finding (compared to dogs)?

A

High ACTH in blood
dogs = high cortisol in blood

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8
Q

What hormone excess causes dullness in PPID?

A

B-endorphin

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9
Q

What hormone excess causes obesity in PPID?

A

a-MSH = reduced cytokine response = appetite satiety unbalanced = obesity

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10
Q

4 common signs of early PPID

A
  1. Muscle atrophy (inc pot belly)
  2. Hair abnormalities (dull coat and retained hair)
  3. Lack of energy, poor performance (b-endorphin)
  4. Regional adiposity (a-MSH)
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11
Q

4 signs of advanced PPID

A
  1. Metabolic shifts (hyperinsulinemia and laminitis)
  2. Secondary bacterial infections
  3. Hyperhidrosis/anhidrosis (lots of sweat or no sweat)
  4. PUPD
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12
Q

When is the TRH stimulation test good to use? And when not?

A

In early cases
doesn’t work that well in autumn and winter

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13
Q

What is the most common test to use for PPID?

A

The ACTH baseline test

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14
Q

When should the insulin blood test be used in PPID cases?

A

When the horses have laminitis

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15
Q

Sampling considerations when testing ACTH

A
  1. Natural increases in autumn and winter
  2. Increases with stress, excitement
  3. Increases with severe pain
  4. Increases with alpha-2 (take test 5-10 mins after sedation)
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16
Q

How to collect and transport TRH and ACTH tests?

A

Fasting not required
EDTA
Chilled

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17
Q

What drug is used to treat PPID?

A

Pergolide (Prascend)
Dopamine receptor agonist

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18
Q

What drugs can be added if there is a lack of response to Pergolide

A

Cyproheptadine (serotoninergic)
Also cabergoline

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19
Q

What is the role of adipose tissue

A

To store fat, and produce cytokines and hormones

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20
Q

What causes EMS?

A

Associated with insulin dysregulation (Hyperinsulinemia), along with a combination of increased fat deposits and a reduced ability to loose weight

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21
Q

What happens in compensated insulin dysregulation (stage 1)?

A

Low insulin = high glucose = Pancreas secretes excess to cope = tissues store glucose
High insulin, low glucose seen

22
Q

What happens in uncompensated insulin dysregulation (stage 2)?

A

Tissues are overwhelmed and unable to respond
High insulin, high glucose seen

23
Q

What is the third stage of insulin resistance?

A

Persistent hyperglycaemia because of inadequate insulin output (pancreatic β-cell exhaustion)

24
Q

What are the three available EMS tests

A
  1. Basal glucose/insulin
  2. OST (Karo light sugar syrup given by owner and blood levels tested later)
  3. OGTT (Oral glucose tolerance test)
    (4. CGIT (combined glucose and insulin test))
25
Q

What drugs can help with weight loss

A

Metformin
Levo-Tyroxin

26
Q

Diet changes for laminitis/EMS ponies

A

Poor quality forage (Hay)
Soak hay for 30-60 mins
Eliminate concentrates and high sugar treats
(If at grass give grazing muzzle)

27
Q

How to manage laminitis

A

Induce feet vasoconstriction (ice water)
Restore balanced diet
Provide NSAIDs (Flunixin or Phenylbutazone)
Confine to stable with deep bedding
Support the digit under the frog +/- dole with commercial devices

28
Q

what 3 factors contribute to EMS

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Incretins (released by the GIT)
  3. Genetics
29
Q

What can cause Hyperlipaemia (physiological and pathological)

A

Physiological causes
= Decreased intake
= Increased requirements

Pathological causes
=Sepsis/SIRS
= Azotemia

30
Q

What sequence of events causes Hyperlipaemia

A

Negative energy balance => Fat mobilisation for energy => Triglycerides released into blood as VLDL => lipoprotein lipase should remove VLDL but it can’t keep up => accumulate

31
Q

Diagnostic test for hyperlipidemia

A

Gross appearance of sour is cloudy/white
Test blood Triglycerides
Confirmed if over 5mmol/L

Also may have high insulin

32
Q

How to treat hyperlipidemia

A

Provide calories in any way you can
Enterally or parenterally

33
Q

Typical melanoma locations

A

tail
perineum
parotid
commissure of eyes/lips

34
Q

Tx for melanomas

A

On small masses:
- 5-Fluorouracil
- Mitomycin C cream

Intralesional therapy:
- Cisplatin beads every 2-4 weeks
- Mitomycin C (IV)
- Carboplatin (IV)

35
Q

what virus can cause sarcoids

A

bovine papilloma virus type 1

36
Q

6 types of sarcoids

A
  1. Occult = mild, small and superficial. Hairless skin
  2. Verrucose = wart like. Hyperkeratosis + scale. Can become ulcerated if damaged
  3. Nodular = Firm, spherical, sub cut. Usually not issue unless injured
  4. Fibroelastic = Fleshy, ulcerated. Can be confused with injured nodular but these are more irregular in shape
  5. Mixed = 2+ types
  6. Malignant = severe, invasive via lymph, often occur after trauma or failed treatment
37
Q

sarcoid tx

A

5-FU cream: 55% success, every day for 15 days

Intralesional therapy:
- Cisplatin every 2-4 weeks
- Mitomycin C

CANNOT surgically excise sarcoids

38
Q

what is the second most common tumour

A

sCC

39
Q

locations of mites
chorioptes
trombicula (harvest)
Psoroptes

A

C = distal limb in winter
T = head and legs, dense feathering. Autumn/winter and deep bedding
P = head, tail and ears. all year round

40
Q

Chorioptes
CS, appearance and treatment

A

CS: pruritus, stamping, matting of hair, alopecia
Appearance: Fat front legs that are funnel shaped
Tx: Treat all horses. Doramectin injections
- Clip feathers, fipronil spray daily

41
Q

Trombicula autunnalis
CS, appearance and treatment

A

CS: Pruritus, stamping, papules
A: red, long legs
Tx: Remove straw bedding, normally self limiting
- can use pyrethrin and fiprinol spray

42
Q

Psoroptes equip signs and Tx

A
  • Tail rubbing, broken tail hairs, scaling of ears, ear discharge

Otitis: Ivermectin or moxidectin oral

43
Q

common lice location and treatment

A
  • Mane, base of tail and dorsum most common
  • Permethrin pour-on
  • Fipronil spray daily
44
Q

What is sweet itch

A

Insect bite sensitivity to Culicoides
- Allergy to saliva antigens in flies
- Develops early in life and worsens with age
- Presents in spring or early autumn
- Wet areas, riversides, marshes

45
Q

Signs and Dx of sweet itch

A
  • Dorsal or ventral distribution, or combo
  • Rubbing against object, chewing dorsum
  • Crusted papules: mane, rump, base of the tail, face, pinna, neck

Dx:
- Intradermal allergy test

46
Q

Tx of sweet itch

A
  • fly rug
  • keep away from water
  • stable at night
  • Permethrin pour-on repellent
47
Q

What is Dermatophilosis (D. congolensis)

A

AKA Rain scald/rot
- Skin damage and moisture allows bacteria to enter
- Predisposed by poor nutrition and hygiene
- Contagious

48
Q

CS and Tx of rain scald

A
  • Tufted papules = coalesce = become exudative
  • Thick crust and pus
  • Located on rump, saddle areas, face, neck, pastern

Tx: Clean tack, avoid sunlight
- Chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine wash daily for 1 week then once a week
- Highly exudative or painful cases = Penicillin or TMPS

49
Q

What causes ring worm and how to treat

A

Trichophyton equinum (+++) and Mycrosporum gypseum

  • Isolate
  • Disinfect tack
  • Sunlight may be helpful
  • Chlorhexidine spray for 7 days
  • CHX + Miconazole spray/shampoo 2-3 times a week
50
Q

what is pemphigus

A

Exfoliative dermatitis (type II hypersensitivity) with antibodies directed epidermal cells

51
Q

what is urticaria

A

Immune rection against allergens in contact with skin = histamine release = increased vascular permeability = angioedema and oedematous papules

52
Q

What is mud fever also known as

A

pedal/pastern dermatitis

Skin dermis flora => disruption (moisture, dirt, UV, wounds) => colonisation by bacteria or fungi => dysbiosis

Equine (11 decks)

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