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Equine > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What does barren mean in equine terms?

A

Bred last year but did not get pregnant (might not be down to mare fault)

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2
Q

What perineum abnormality can lead to endometritis?

A

Sunken anus can lead to faecal contamination being drawn into the uterus

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3
Q

What are the 3 main venereal pathogens in mares?

A

Taylorella equigenitalia (Contagious equine metritis organism)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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4
Q

What is the effect of these venereal pathogens?

A

Caused endometritis and infertility - NOT abortion

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5
Q

How do you transport Taylorella samples?

A

Amies (Charcoal) transport media

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6
Q

Which strains of Klebsiella are pathogenic?

A

1, 2 and 5

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7
Q

Signs of Equine viral arteritis

A

Flu-like signs
Conjunctivitis
Dermatitis
Ventral oedema

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8
Q

What venereal pathogens can be vaccinated for?

A

Equine herpes 1 during pregnancy

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9
Q

Other name for equine herpes virus 3

A

Equine coital exanthema

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10
Q

Areas to swab for screening?

A

Clitoral fossa and sinus

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11
Q

When should uterine swabs be taken:

A

Ideal during the luteal phase when the cervix is closed as this will yield more significant bacterial findings

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12
Q

What indicates uterine swabs being taken:

A

Endometritis
(not routine for breed screening)

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13
Q

Can the corpus luteum be palpated?

A

No but the ovaries can!

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14
Q

Is it normal to have a fluid filled uterus?

A

No - always abnormal

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15
Q

What drug should be given after uterine swabbing during the luteal phase?

A

PGF2a to ensure the mare returns to oestrus

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16
Q

Most common bacteria isoalted from endometrial bacteriology?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

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17
Q

Treatment for Streptococcus zooepidemicus

A

Penicillin - uterine infusion

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18
Q

What can the use of endometrial biopsy be?

A

Can categorise the prognosis of a mare to take a foal to term

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19
Q

What would make you want to investigate karyotype? What syndrome would you be suspicious of?

A

Mare with small reproductive tract that isn’t cycling at age that she should be
Turner’s sydrome

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20
Q

When is the natural transitional period?

A

Spring, when days are getting longer

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21
Q

What happens to follicles during the transitional phase?

A

Follicles grow but don’t ovulate

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22
Q

How long is the luteal phase and overall cycle length?

A

Cycle = 21 days
Luteal phase = 17 days

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23
Q

Ideal time for mares to get pregnant?

A

Mid February onwards (to get birth date as close to January 1st as possible)

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24
Q

Two methods to shorten the transition period?

A
  1. Providing 16 hours of artificial light from December onwards
  2. Progesterone in feed: Given when follicles >2.5cm => Suppresses HPX axis => when follicles reach 4.5cm => progesterone removed => no negative feedback => LH surge => ovulation
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25
Q

What formulation is progesterone typically given in to shorten transition period?

A

Altrenogest (Regumate) in feed for 10 days

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26
Q

What stage is the oocyte ovulated at?

A

Secondary oocyte - immediately fertilisable

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27
Q

How long is the oocyt viable for after ovulation?

A

Only 12 hours

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28
Q

When is optimum mating time in mares?

A

24 to 48 hours before ovulation

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29
Q

when in the cycle are ovaries the largest?

A

Transitional phase

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30
Q

What does the uterus feel like in the luteal phase?

A

Tonic
Closed cervix

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31
Q

When should you breed if you want to breed during foal heat?

A

5-10 days after parturition when the foal has the shits

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32
Q

Pros and cons of breeding during foal heat

A

Pro: easy to identify (foal diarrhoea), useful in mares that foal late
Cons: Lower conception rates, increased pregnancy loss

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33
Q

If a follicle is palpated, is the mare in oestrus?

A

Not necessarily - CLs aren’t palpable
Check uterus (large and oedematous) and cervix (broad and soft) to confirm oestrus

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34
Q

What is diestrus ovulation?

A

Follicle ovulates early, and close to PGF2a release
The new, secondary CL doesn’t respond to PGF2a until it is 5 days old
The secondary CL isn’t lysed and persists

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35
Q

What can diestrus ovulation lead to?

A

Prolonged diestrus due to the persistence of a secondary CL

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36
Q

What happens during prolonged diestrus?

A

Secondary CL persists in the absence of pregnancy
There is no further prostaglandin to lyse it ** confusing

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37
Q

Treatment of prolonged diestrus

A

PGF2a

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38
Q

Ovarian ultrasound appearance of the transition period

A

Multiple follicles that won’t ovulate

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39
Q

Best method to shorten the luteal phase and bring mare into oestrus

A

PGF2a

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40
Q

What does a follicle look like when it is about to ovulate?

A

Large with one pointed end (points towards ovulation fossa)

41
Q

2 reasons a mare won’t show foal heat and return to cyclicity

A
  1. Seasonal anoestrus
  2. Foal shy
42
Q

What is the behavioural effect of a granulose cell tumour? (For 3 possible products)

A

If produce oestrogen = persistent oestrus
If produce progesterone = persistent anoestrus
If produce androgens = virilisation

43
Q

What can predispose to endometritis?

A

Poor perineal confirmation

44
Q

When and how do Luteinised Haemorrhagic Follicles occur?

A

Towards the end of breeding season
Large follicles don’t ovulate
Oocyte not release => bleeding occurs into follicle cavity and mixes with follicular fluid

45
Q

Ultrasound appearance of Luteinised Haemorrhagic Follicles

A

Criss-cross strands of fibrin and a large follicle cavity
CL like echogenicity (due to blood)

46
Q

Treatment of Luteinised Haemorrhagic Follicles?

A

PGF2a

47
Q

What does EHV3 cause?

A

Coital Exanthema

48
Q

Why should endometrial cysts and their nature be noted before pregnancy?

A

So they don’t get confused with a conceptus

49
Q

How can endometrial cysts prevent maternal recongnition?

A

Embryo needs to migrate around whole uterus to send signals
If sections can’t be reached due to cysts, this is prevented

50
Q

Common diagnostic method for pregnancy?

A

Transrectal ultrasound from day 12

51
Q

Until what day is the conceptus mobile?

A

Day 17

52
Q

What day to the endometrial cups form?

A

Day 40-45

53
Q

What happens if pregnancy is lost after endometrial cups form?

A

Cups secrete progesterone so long luteal phase would occur

54
Q

What day does luteal-placental shift occur?

A

Day 150

55
Q

How does pregnancy loss present when endometrial cups are dominant?

A

Mummification

56
Q

How does pregnancy loss present when placental progesterone is dominant?

A

Expulsion

57
Q

Method to differentiate a conceptus from an endometrial cyst

A

(Should scan and count before pregnancy)
Count number of CLs (1 CL = 1 conceptus)
Rescan in a few days (conceptuses move and grow)

58
Q

3 best points to perform pregnancy scans

A
  1. Day 14/15 (check if twins)
  2. Day 21 (heartbeat seen)
  3. Day 35 (Just before cups form (point of no return!))
59
Q

How long is gestation?

A

11 months but very variable (330 days)

60
Q

How can parturition be predicted?

A

Assess calcium and magnesium milk changes
Assess foetal eye size

61
Q

What is a big risk of RFM complication in mares?

A

Sepsis => laminitis

62
Q

Post-partum metritis treatment

A

NSAIDs
Lavage or aspirate
Intra-uterine and systemic antibiotics

63
Q

Is fluid in the uterus normal after breeding?

A

Only normal for a couple of hours

64
Q

What day does the embryo enter the uterus? and what does this mean for endometritis cases?

A

Day 5/6 after fertilisation
If post-mating endometritis isn’t resolved the embryo will die

65
Q

Most common pathogen involved in post-mating endometritis?

A

Strep. Zooepidemicus

66
Q

Treatment for post-mating endometritis

A

NSAIDs
Lavage or aspirate
Intra-uterine antibiotics ONLY (unlike postpartum metritis when systemic required (deeper infection_)
Oxytocin for small contractions

Ensure cleanliness and AI if possible to avoid (Can’t AI in TBs)

67
Q

Why do horses take 3 cycles to be classed as a typical pyometra (like a cow)?

A

The mare has 2 short cycles before she has the classic signs of a pyometra
After 2 cycles, the CL persists and doesn’t respond to PGF2a, which causes the classic pyometra signs

68
Q

What is a red bag delivery?

A

Placenta detaches during early parturition and rotates to overlie cervix
This prevents the foal from pushing into the birth canal and starves it of oxygen

69
Q

When does most foetal loss occur? And therefore how does it present?

A

Late pregnancy
Presents as expulsion

70
Q

3 main causes of infectious abortion

A

Equine herpes virus
Equine viral arteritis
Placentitis (Ascending commensals)

71
Q

Signs of EHV1

A

Respiratory tract disease
Can be a latent infection

72
Q

Signs of equine viral arteritis?

A

Flu signs
Conjunctivitis
Ventral oedema
Focal dermatitis

73
Q

Appearance of EHV aborted foetuses?

A

Fresh

74
Q

Appearance of EVA aborted foetuses?

A

Partially autolysed

75
Q

What must be done before vaccinating a stallion against EVA?

A

Blood testing to prove antigen negative before vaccination
Allows breeders to know difference between vaccine response and infection response

76
Q

What predisposes to bacterial/fungal placentitis?

A

Poor perineal conformation

77
Q

How can placentitis be diagnoses?

A

Vaginal palpation + ultrasound
Assessing CTUP (combined thickness of uterus and placenta)

78
Q

Mare develops significant ventral abdomen bulge in late pregnancy =

A

Ruptured pre-pubic tendon or abdominal wall rupture

79
Q

4 methods to induce parturition in mares:

A
  1. Low dose oxytocin IV boluses (best)
  2. Higher dose oxytocin, single IM
  3. Slow IV oxytocin administration
  4. Twice the luteolytic dose of PGF2a
80
Q

Common causes of dystocia

A

Foetal disposition
Foetal deformaties

81
Q

Treatment of hypocalcaemia?

A

Slow infusion of calcium borogluconate

82
Q

What is the aim of Caslicks procedure?

A

Improve perineal conformation to reduce bacterial contamination
Closure of the dorsal commissure

83
Q

Treatment for a granulose cell tumour?

A

Unilateral ovariectomy

84
Q

Life span of frozen semen?

A

Has to meet egg in 6 hours

85
Q

What 2 agents can you give a mare in oestrus to ensure you catch ovulation

A
  1. hCG or
  2. GnRH
    Enables better predication of ovulation time
86
Q

What antibiotic is Klebsiella sensitive to?

A

Neomycin

87
Q

What antibiotic is Pseudomonas sensitive to?

A

polymixin

88
Q

Only treatment for a stallion with EVA?

A

Castration as the virus is shed in semen

89
Q

What should be removed from an ejaculate before diagnostics?

A

Gel fraction

90
Q

What is Haemospermia commonly associated with?

A

Over-use followed by bacterial proliferation

91
Q

What can cause Paraphimosis in stallions?

A

Phenothiazines (ACP) and Alpha-2

92
Q

4 common diagnostic methods for Cryptorchidism

A
  1. Palpation of scrotum and inguinal canal
  2. Rectal palpation of inguinal ring
  3. Endocrine testing (Testosterone response to hCG, AMH measurement)
  4. Rectal ultrasound
93
Q

2 most common penile tumours

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

94
Q

Common locations of penile tumours

A

Urethral fossa and diverticulum with kissing lesions on the prenuptial ring

95
Q

What can penile reefing be used to treat?

A

Kissing SCC lesions on the prenuptial ring

96
Q

Signs of papilloma virus in stallions

A

Small, raised lesions that are self-limiting

97
Q

Biggest risk of scrotal degeneration

A

High scrotal temperature risks degeneration

98
Q

up abnormalities of the sctotum

A

n

Equine (11 decks)

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