Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Equine > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What does barren mean in equine terms?

A

Bred last year but did not get pregnant (might not be down to mare fault)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What perineum abnormality can lead to endometritis?

A

Sunken anus can lead to faecal contamination being drawn into the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 main venereal pathogens in mares?

A

Taylorella equigenitalia (Contagious equine metritis organism)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the effect of these venereal pathogens?

A

Caused endometritis and infertility - NOT abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you transport Taylorella samples?

A

Amies (Charcoal) transport media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which strains of Klebsiella are pathogenic?

A

1, 2 and 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Signs of Equine viral arteritis

A

Flu-like signs
Conjunctivitis
Dermatitis
Ventral oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What venereal pathogens can be vaccinated for?

A

Equine herpes 1 during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Other name for equine herpes virus 3

A

Equine coital exanthema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Areas to swab for screening?

A

Clitoral fossa and sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When should uterine swabs be taken:

A

Ideal during the luteal phase when the cervix is closed as this will yield more significant bacterial findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What indicates uterine swabs being taken:

A

Endometritis
(not routine for breed screening)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Can the corpus luteum be palpated?

A

No but the ovaries can!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is it normal to have a fluid filled uterus?

A

No - always abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What drug should be given after uterine swabbing during the luteal phase?

A

PGF2a to ensure the mare returns to oestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common bacteria isoalted from endometrial bacteriology?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment for Streptococcus zooepidemicus

A

Penicillin - uterine infusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can the use of endometrial biopsy be?

A

Can categorise the prognosis of a mare to take a foal to term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What would make you want to investigate karyotype? What syndrome would you be suspicious of?

A

Mare with small reproductive tract that isn’t cycling at age that she should be
Turner’s sydrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When is the natural transitional period?

A

Spring, when days are getting longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to follicles during the transitional phase?

A

Follicles grow but don’t ovulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How long is the luteal phase and overall cycle length?

A

Cycle = 21 days
Luteal phase = 17 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ideal time for mares to get pregnant?

A

Mid February onwards (to get birth date as close to January 1st as possible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Two methods to shorten the transition period?

A
  1. Providing 16 hours of artificial light from December onwards
  2. Progesterone in feed: Given when follicles >2.5cm => Suppresses HPX axis => when follicles reach 4.5cm => progesterone removed => no negative feedback => LH surge => ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What formulation is progesterone typically given in to shorten transition period?
Altrenogest (Regumate) in feed for 10 days
26
What stage is the oocyte ovulated at?
Secondary oocyte - immediately fertilisable
27
How long is the oocyt viable for after ovulation?
Only 12 hours
28
When is optimum mating time in mares?
24 to 48 hours before ovulation
29
when in the cycle are ovaries the largest?
Transitional phase
30
What does the uterus feel like in the luteal phase?
Tonic Closed cervix
31
When should you breed if you want to breed during foal heat?
5-10 days after parturition when the foal has the shits
32
Pros and cons of breeding during foal heat
Pro: easy to identify (foal diarrhoea), useful in mares that foal late Cons: Lower conception rates, increased pregnancy loss
33
If a follicle is palpated, is the mare in oestrus?
Not necessarily - CLs aren't palpable Check uterus (large and oedematous) and cervix (broad and soft) to confirm oestrus
34
What is diestrus ovulation?
Follicle ovulates early, and close to PGF2a release The new, secondary CL doesn't respond to PGF2a until it is 5 days old The secondary CL isn't lysed and persists
35
What can diestrus ovulation lead to?
Prolonged diestrus due to the persistence of a secondary CL
36
What happens during prolonged diestrus?
Secondary CL persists in the absence of pregnancy There is no further prostaglandin to lyse it ** confusing
37
Treatment of prolonged diestrus
PGF2a
38
Ovarian ultrasound appearance of the transition period
Multiple follicles that won't ovulate
39
Best method to shorten the luteal phase and bring mare into oestrus
PGF2a
40
What does a follicle look like when it is about to ovulate?
Large with one pointed end (points towards ovulation fossa)
41
2 reasons a mare won't show foal heat and return to cyclicity
1. Seasonal anoestrus 2. Foal shy
42
What is the behavioural effect of a granulose cell tumour? (For 3 possible products)
If produce oestrogen = persistent oestrus If produce progesterone = persistent anoestrus If produce androgens = virilisation
43
What can predispose to endometritis?
Poor perineal confirmation
44
When and how do Luteinised Haemorrhagic Follicles occur?
Towards the end of breeding season Large follicles don't ovulate Oocyte not release => bleeding occurs into follicle cavity and mixes with follicular fluid
45
Ultrasound appearance of Luteinised Haemorrhagic Follicles
Criss-cross strands of fibrin and a large follicle cavity CL like echogenicity (due to blood)
46
Treatment of Luteinised Haemorrhagic Follicles?
PGF2a
47
What does EHV3 cause?
Coital Exanthema
48
Why should endometrial cysts and their nature be noted before pregnancy?
So they don't get confused with a conceptus
49
How can endometrial cysts prevent maternal recongnition?
Embryo needs to migrate around whole uterus to send signals If sections can't be reached due to cysts, this is prevented
50
Common diagnostic method for pregnancy?
Transrectal ultrasound from day 12
51
Until what day is the conceptus mobile?
Day 17
52
What day to the endometrial cups form?
Day 40-45
53
What happens if pregnancy is lost after endometrial cups form?
Cups secrete progesterone so long luteal phase would occur
54
What day does luteal-placental shift occur?
Day 150
55
How does pregnancy loss present when endometrial cups are dominant?
Mummification
56
How does pregnancy loss present when placental progesterone is dominant?
Expulsion
57
Method to differentiate a conceptus from an endometrial cyst
(Should scan and count before pregnancy) Count number of CLs (1 CL = 1 conceptus) Rescan in a few days (conceptuses move and grow)
58
3 best points to perform pregnancy scans
1. Day 14/15 (check if twins) 2. Day 21 (heartbeat seen) 3. Day 35 (Just before cups form (point of no return!))
59
How long is gestation?
11 months but very variable (330 days)
60
How can parturition be predicted?
Assess calcium and magnesium milk changes Assess foetal eye size
61
What is a big risk of RFM complication in mares?
Sepsis => laminitis
62
Post-partum metritis treatment
NSAIDs Lavage or aspirate Intra-uterine and systemic antibiotics
63
Is fluid in the uterus normal after breeding?
Only normal for a couple of hours
64
What day does the embryo enter the uterus? and what does this mean for endometritis cases?
Day 5/6 after fertilisation If post-mating endometritis isn't resolved the embryo will die
65
Most common pathogen involved in post-mating endometritis?
Strep. Zooepidemicus
66
Treatment for post-mating endometritis
NSAIDs Lavage or aspirate Intra-uterine antibiotics ONLY (unlike postpartum metritis when systemic required (deeper infection_) Oxytocin for small contractions Ensure cleanliness and AI if possible to avoid (Can't AI in TBs)
67
Why do horses take 3 cycles to be classed as a typical pyometra (like a cow)?
The mare has 2 short cycles before she has the classic signs of a pyometra After 2 cycles, the CL persists and doesn't respond to PGF2a, which causes the classic pyometra signs
68
What is a red bag delivery?
Placenta detaches during early parturition and rotates to overlie cervix This prevents the foal from pushing into the birth canal and starves it of oxygen
69
When does most foetal loss occur? And therefore how does it present?
Late pregnancy Presents as expulsion
70
3 main causes of infectious abortion
Equine herpes virus Equine viral arteritis Placentitis (Ascending commensals)
71
Signs of EHV1
Respiratory tract disease Can be a latent infection
72
Signs of equine viral arteritis?
Flu signs Conjunctivitis Ventral oedema Focal dermatitis
73
Appearance of EHV aborted foetuses?
Fresh
74
Appearance of EVA aborted foetuses?
Partially autolysed
75
What must be done before vaccinating a stallion against EVA?
Blood testing to prove antigen negative before vaccination Allows breeders to know difference between vaccine response and infection response
76
What predisposes to bacterial/fungal placentitis?
Poor perineal conformation
77
How can placentitis be diagnoses?
Vaginal palpation + ultrasound Assessing CTUP (combined thickness of uterus and placenta)
78
Mare develops significant ventral abdomen bulge in late pregnancy =
Ruptured pre-pubic tendon or abdominal wall rupture
79
4 methods to induce parturition in mares:
1. Low dose oxytocin IV boluses (best) 2. Higher dose oxytocin, single IM 3. Slow IV oxytocin administration 4. Twice the luteolytic dose of PGF2a
80
Common causes of dystocia
Foetal disposition Foetal deformaties
81
Treatment of hypocalcaemia?
Slow infusion of calcium borogluconate
82
What is the aim of Caslicks procedure?
Improve perineal conformation to reduce bacterial contamination Closure of the dorsal commissure
83
Treatment for a granulose cell tumour?
Unilateral ovariectomy
84
Life span of frozen semen?
Has to meet egg in 6 hours
85
What 2 agents can you give a mare in oestrus to ensure you catch ovulation
1. hCG or 2. GnRH Enables better predication of ovulation time
86
What antibiotic is Klebsiella sensitive to?
Neomycin
87
What antibiotic is Pseudomonas sensitive to?
polymixin
88
Only treatment for a stallion with EVA?
Castration as the virus is shed in semen
89
What should be removed from an ejaculate before diagnostics?
Gel fraction
90
What is Haemospermia commonly associated with?
Over-use followed by bacterial proliferation
91
What can cause Paraphimosis in stallions?
Phenothiazines (ACP) and Alpha-2
92
4 common diagnostic methods for Cryptorchidism
1. Palpation of scrotum and inguinal canal 2. Rectal palpation of inguinal ring 3. Endocrine testing (Testosterone response to hCG, AMH measurement) 4. Rectal ultrasound
93
2 most common penile tumours
Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
94
Common locations of penile tumours
Urethral fossa and diverticulum with kissing lesions on the prenuptial ring
95
What can penile reefing be used to treat?
Kissing SCC lesions on the prenuptial ring
96
Signs of papilloma virus in stallions
Small, raised lesions that are self-limiting
97
Biggest risk of scrotal degeneration
High scrotal temperature risks degeneration
98
up abnormalities of the sctotum
n

Equine (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions