Urines Flashcards
Idea for substances that require concentration or incubation for detection
confirm postural or orthostatic proteinuria
first morning specimen
satisfactory for routine testing and are capable of detecting abnormalities
random urine
used to test substances or functions that have circadian or diurnal variation
timed collection
gives yellow color
urochrome
gives orange/brown pigment
urobilin
gives pink pigment
uroerythrin
the color of urine depends on (3)
amount of substance present
pH
structural form of substance
describes the cloudiness of the specimen
clarity
skin or vaginal contamination, amorphous urates and phosphates
cloudy
pinkish precipitate uroerythrin on amorphous rate and uric acid
acidic
white or beige amorphous phosphates and carbonates
alkaline
specific gravity equal to that of original ultra-filtrate
seen in end stage renal disease
isosthenuria
SG less than 1.010
hyposthenuria
SG greater than 1.010
hyperstenuria
indicate renal concentrating ability
ionic solutes
normal urine pH
4.5-8.0
Why would a urine have a pH greater than 8
improperly preserved
adulteration
highly alkaline substances (meds)
positive blood in urine could be
hemoglobin, RBCs, myoglobin
abnormal quantity of RBCs in urine
cloudy or smoky
hematuria
presences of hemoglobin in urine
clear
hemoglobinuria
bacterial infection involving the kidneys or lower urinary tract
leukocyturia
important tool in detecting urinary tract infections mostly caused by gram negative bacteria
nitrite
factors affecting nitrite detection (3)
bacteria is a nitrate reducer
adequate time of 4 hours must be allowed for conversion
adequate diet
abnormal protein originating from the urinary tract (3)
uromodulin (tamm-horsfall protein)
urokinase
secretary immunoglobulin A
increased quantity of plasma protein filtered
reduction of absorption
proteinuria
a way to quantitate protein in the urine based upon the turbidity after SSA reagent is added
SSA test
increased quantities of plasma proteins in the blood that readily pass through the glomerular filtration barrier into urine
overflow proteinuria
increased protein in the urine due to a primary glomerular disease
most common and can develop into nephrotic syndrome like diabetes
glomerular proteinuria
protein in the urine only when the individual is in an upright position
postural proteinuria
tubular reabsorptive ability is altered
tubular proteinuria
results from an inflammatory process anywhere in the urinary tract
post-renal proteinuria
test for bilirubin and urobilinogen but more sensitive for nilirubin
ictotest
bilirubin negative
urobilinogen increased
pre-hepatic
bilirubin positive
urobilinogen normal to increased
hepatic
bilirubin positive
urobilinogen decreased to absent
post-hepatic
ascorbic acid causes false negatives for (4)
RBC, glucose, bilirubin, nitrite
