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Urinalysis > Urine Sediments: Cells And Crystals > Flashcards

Urine Sediments: Cells And Crystals Flashcards

0
Q

Proper magnification for enumerating casts

A

Low

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1
Q

What is the recommended volume, centrifugation time and speed for microscopic evaluation

A

Volume: 10-15 mL (12 preferred)
Time: 5 minutes
Speed: 400-450 g

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2
Q

Proper magnification for enumerating mucus

A

Low

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3
Q

Proper magnification for enumerating crystals, cells and yeast?

A

High power

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4
Q

How do RBCs act in hyper/hypotonic urine

A

Hyper: crenated
Hypo: swelled, lyced, or ghost cells

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6
Q

How do WBCs act in hyper/hypotonic solutions

A

Hyper: shrink but not crenate
Hypo: enlarge and may lyse

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7
Q

How do you differentiate RBCs from yeast?

A

Yeast varies in size, not biconcave, budding

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8
Q

How do you differentiate RBCs from air bubbles/oil droplets

A

They are refractile, variation in size, uniformity in appearance

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9
Q

How do you differentiate RBCs from calcium oxalate crystals

A

enveloped shaped

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10
Q

Significance of WBCs in the urine

A

Pyuria is seen in infections and autoimmune conditions (infections, lupus, TB etc)

  • Pyuria, WBC casts, cellular casts, or granular casts, usually high protein = upper UTI
  • Pyuria without casts and low protein (to none) = lower UTI
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11
Q

Significance of RBCs in the urine

A

Hematuria indicates damage to the kidney or urinary tract

  • RBCs/RBC Casts/Protein = renal origin either glomerular or tubular
  • RBCs/no casts/no protein = bleeding “below” the kidney or contamination
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12
Q

Squamous epithelial Cells

- appearance

A

Flat with irregular shapes, central round nucleus

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13
Q

Squamous epithelial Cells

- location

A

vaginal contamination in urines from women

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14
Q

Squamous epithelial Cells

- clinical Significance

A

rare diagnostic significance

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15
Q

Transitional Epithelial Cells

- appearance

A

Round, pear shaped, or tail like projection, central round nucleus

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16
Q

Transitional Epithelial Cells

- location

A

originate in renal pelvis, calyces, ureter, urinary bladder and upper part of urethra in males

17
Q

Transitional Epithelial Cells

- clinical significance

A

Increased numbers: UTI, Viral illness, Catheterization, malignancy (transitional cell carcinoma)

18
Q

Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

- appearance

A

Polyhedral-flat, cuboidal, columnar, eccentric nucleus (BIG nucleus)

19
Q

Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

- location

A

originate in lining of the renal tubules and collecting ducts

20
Q

Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

- clinical significance

A

MOST SIGNIFICANT epi cell
- Pathologic: pyelonephritis, kidney damage from meds or toxins, tubular necrosis, renal transplant rejection, viral infections (HEP B)

21
Q

Origin of an oval fat body

A

Renal tubular epic cell with absorbed lipids

22
Q

Contrast cholesterol and neutral fats with respect to stains and birefringence

A

Cholesterol is birefringent (use polarizing microscope)

Neutral fats are not birefringent but can be stained with Sudan Red or Oil Red O

23
Q

Difference between oval fat bodies, air bubbles and starch granules

A

Starches have maltese cross pattern under polarized light

Oils are refractive, vary in size and uniformity in appearance

24
Q

Significance of spermatozoa in urine

A

Males: rencent ejaculation or nocturnal emission
Females: vaginal contamination

25
Q

Normal Acidic Crystals

A 
Uric Acid 
Amorphous Urates 
Calcium Oxalate 
Hippuric Acid 
Sodium Urate
26
Q

Abnormal Acidic Crystals

A 
Tyrosine 
Leucine 
Bilirubin 
Cystine 
Cholesterol 
Sulfonamide 
Radiographic Dye
27
Q

Alkaline Crystals (no abnormal crystals in alkaline urine)

A 
Amorphous phosphates 
Triple phosphates 
Calcium Carbonates 
Calcium Phosphates 
Ammonium Biurates
28
Q

Presence of WBCs in the urine

A

pyruia

29
Q

Presence of RBCs in the urine

A

hematuria

30
Q

Neutrophils that have swelled in a hypotonic solution and their refractile cytoplasmic granules move by Brownian movement and “glitter”

A

glitter cells

31
Q

Fat in the urine

A

lipiduria

Urinalysis (10 decks)

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