Renal and Metabolic Diseases

Question 0

What can give a false negative urine protein reading?

Answer 0

Very dilute urine

Question 1

Why do we perform an ictotest?

Answer 1

It has a greater sensitivity to bilirubin than the method used on the strip

Question 2

Which chemical test relies on sodium nitoprusside as a key reagent?

Answer 2

Ketones

Question 3

Which test relies on the pseudo-peroxidase activity of the analyte?

Answer 3

Blood

Question 4

this disorder results from immune-mediated processes whereby antigen-antibody complexes or complement complexes accumulate in the glomeruli. This induces inflammation that leads to tissue damage.

Answer 4

glomerular disorders

Question 5

Are the specimens in glomerular disorders sterile or non-sterile?

Answer 5

sterile

Question 6

This is the most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis; usually occurs in children and young adults following infection with certain strains of group A strep; inflammation damages glomeruli

Answer 6

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 7

List symptoms of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Answer 7

Rapid onset of hematuria and edema; oliguria–>anuria, blood cultures are neg, Urinalysis: mk’d hematuria, RBC casts

Question 8

this is caused by the deposition of immune complexes in glomerulus leading to the formation of crescentic structures which permanently damage the glomerulus; often associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Answer 8

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Question 9

What are urinalysis symptoms of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

Answer 9

low glomerular filtration, proteinuria

Question 10

What does the prognosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis look like?

Answer 10

progresses to chronic glomerular nephritis and eventually end-stage renal failure

Question 11

This disorder is due to the antiglomerular basement membrane autoantibody that is formed after a viral respiratory infection; complement activation destroys capillaries; commonly progresses to chronic glomerulonephritis

Answer 11

Goodpasture Syndrome

Question 12

Lab finding in Goodpasture Syndrome

Answer 12

Urinalysis: proteinuria, hematuria, and RBC casts

Question 13

this disorder is caused by a marked decrease in renal function resulting from glomerular damage precipitated by other renal disorders; gradually worsening symptoms until eventual kidney failure

Answer 13

chronic glomerulonephritis

Question 14

Common urinalysis findings in chronic glomerulonephritis

Answer 14

Waxy and broad casts (indicating end stage disease)

Question 15

This is a group of symptoms that often occur together following glomerular damage; this damage is coupled with the disruption of the electrical charge of the tubular epithelium resulting in a leaky tubular epithelium; gradual progression to chronic renal failure

Answer 15

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 16

What is nephrotic syndrome called in children?

Answer 16

minimal change disease

Question 17

What is nephrotic syndrome called in adults?

Answer 17

membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Question 18

What Urinalysis finding is common in nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 18

Urine protein >3.5 g/day; EXTREMELY HIGH; lipiduria (oval fat bodies); fatty casts

Question 19

This symptom in nephrotic syndrome is caused by lowered plasma albumin which lowers plasma oncotic pressure; this leads to increased reabsorption of sodium ions and water from the distal tubules

Answer 19

edema

Question 20

This tubular disorder is caused by the damage to the renal tubular cells caused by ischemia (lack of blood flow) or exposure to toxic agents; variable prognosis depending on underlying cause

Answer 20

acute tubular necrosis

Question 21

Common lab findings in acute tubular necrosis

Answer 21

low HGB and HCT; Urinalysis: renal tubular epi cells, renal tubular epi cell casts

Question 22

This tubular disorder is classified as generalized failure of reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule; gluc, Na, K, HCO3, Phos, and amino acids not being reabsorbed normally; inherited or aquired

Answer 22

Fanconi’s Syndrome

Question 23

What are 2 common disorders causing Fanconi’s Syndrome?

Answer 23

Cystinosis (accumulation of cystine in lysosomes) and Hartnup Disease (defect in absorption of certain amino acids from intestines or kidney)

Question 24

Common lab findings in Fanconi’s Syndrome

Answer 24

abnormal serum electrolytes, normal blood gluc; urinalysis: gluc (because PCT cannot reabsorb it) and cystine crystals