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Urinalysis > Intro To Urinalysis > Flashcards

Intro To Urinalysis Flashcards

0
Q

This substance causes absorption of Na from the lumen of the collecting duct

A

Aldosterone

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1
Q

This substance indirectly stimulates the production of aldosterone

A

Renin

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2
Q

ADH is produced by ______

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

This substance is responsible for making the collecting duct more permeable to passive water movement out of the lumen by inserting aquaporins

A

ADH

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4
Q

Urine is an ultrafiltrate of the _____

A

Plasma

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5
Q

The outer cortex of the kidney is the location of what 3 things?

A

Location of glomeruli (where filtration occurs), proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules

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6
Q

What is located inside the medulla?

A

Renal pyramid (loops of henle inside this) and sinus (with minor calyces that merge to form the major calyx)

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7
Q

Basic functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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8
Q

Responsible for production of the filtrate; located at the proximal end of the proximal tubule

A

Glomerulus

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9
Q

The filtrate initially collects in _______ ______ due to hydrostatic differences between the lumen of the adder end arteriole and Bowman’s space

A

Bowman’s Space

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10
Q

After urine leaves the glomerulus it has approximately the same specific gravity as _______; this is known as _______

A

Plasma ; isothenuria

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11
Q

What is the specific gravity of plasma?

A

1.010

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12
Q

Significantly reduces the volume of water in the filtrate by reabsorbing approximately 2/3; Na, Cl, Glucose, and Amino Acids are absorbed from filtrate; removes unfiltered proteins or drugs out of blood; secretes H

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

This tissue surrounds the Loops of Henle in the medullary of the kidney; hypertonic to the filtrate

A

Medullary interstitium

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14
Q

In this area water moves out of the lumen, it is permeable to urea, and impermeable to Na and Cl

A

Descending limb of Loops of Henle

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15
Q

In this area Na and Cl are actively moved out of the lumen, it is impermeable to water, and permeable to urea

A

Ascending limb of the Loops of Henle

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16
Q

In the presence of aldosterone, Na is actively transported out of the lumen (water follows) in what area of the nephron?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

This determines the final concentration of urine

A

Collecting duct

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18
Q

JGA senses decreases in ____\______ ______ and releases renin which stimulates the production of angiotensin II which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

A

Na\Blood Volume

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19
Q

Aldosterone actively increases _____ ______ from the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct and thus ______ pulls water out of the lumen. _______ is secreted into the lumen.

A

Na absorption; passively; potassium

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20
Q

_______ in the heart sense a drop in blood pressure, increase in plasma osmolality, and/or exposure to aldosterone

A

Baroreceptors

21
Q

The ______ synthesizes ADH which is transported to the pituitary gland for storage before it is released into the bloodstream

A

hypothalamus

22
Q

ADH causes changes in the epithelium of the _____ ______ _____ and _____ ______ that enhance the passive flow of water out of the lumen

A

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

23
Q

Patient with decreased blood pressure will compensate by doing what?

A

Producing more aldosterone

24
Q

List the three primary pigments found in urine

A

Urochrome, urobilin, and uroerythrin

25
Q

this is the primary source of yellow coloration and is produced at a constant rate

A

Urochrome

26
Q

this is an orange-brown colored pigment formed by the oxidation of urobilinogen; common in old urines

A

urobilin

27
Q

this is a pink pigment that attaches to urates in the urine and gives amorphous urates a pinkish hue

A

uroerythrin

28
Q

Yellow foam in urine is most commonly due to what?

A

bilirubin and drugs such as pyridium

29
Q

this is a drug used to reduce discomfort in UTIs, causes very orange urine obscuring chemical testing

A

pyridium

30
Q

What 3 things are reported on urine containing pyridium?

A

Color, clarity, and specific gravity (by refractometer)

31
Q

Fresh and intact RBCs cause urine color to be what?

A

Pink—>Red

32
Q

How does Hemoglobin and myoglobin appear in urine?

A

urine is clear, reagent strip positive for blood

33
Q

_____ in the urine is often accompanied by a reddish plasma

A

hemoglobin

34
Q

_______ in the urine is often accompanied by a clear plasma because it is cleared from the blood quicker

A

myoglobin

35
Q

accumulation of uroporphyrin causing port wine colored urine, color may be red but the strip may read negative

A

porphyria cutanea tarda

36
Q

accumulation of coproporphrinogen, red or colorless urine with fluorescence

A

lead poisoning

37
Q

Brown, Dark Brown, or Black urine can be caused by what 3 things?

A

Melanuria (melanin in urine), Alkaptonuria (homogenistic acid), medications

38
Q

Green or yellow/green urine is caused by what?

A

biliverdin (an oxidized form of bilirubin), bacterial infections (pseudomonas), or medications

39
Q

What does normal urine clarity look like?

A

clear

40
Q

List some non-pathogenic states of urine clarity

A

amorphous phosphates, carbonates, and urates precipitate out during refrigeration; squamous epithelial cells from an improper collection; improper storage allowing for excessive bacteria growth; contamination with sperm, talcum powder, vaginal creams, radiographic contrast, fat or chyle

41
Q

List some pathologic states from cloudy urine

A

bacteria, yeast, fungi, red blood cells, white blood cells, trichomonas, fecal contamination

42
Q

a ratio between the density of urine and the density of distilled water at the same temperature; a measure of the kidney’s ability to maintain the body’s water and chemical balance through reabsorption

A

specific gravity

43
Q

Specific gravity measures the amount of ______ _______

A

dissolved solids

44
Q

What is the chemical that is primarily responsible for urine coloration?

A

urochrome

45
Q

Principle: ratio of the velocity of light through air is compared to the velocity of light through a solution

A

Refractometer

46
Q

How do you correct the specific gravity in a refractometer for glucose?

A

for every gram of glucose/dL subtract 0.004

47
Q

How do you correct the specific gravity in a refractometer for protein?

A

for every gram of protein/dL, subtract 0.003

48
Q

How can the concentration of glucose and protein be determined?

A

by the reagent strip

49
Q

Why does using centrifuged or uncentrifuged urine not affect the specific gravity when using a refractometer?

A

because we are measuring dissolved substances

Urinalysis (10 decks)

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