Intro To Urinalysis

Question 0

This substance causes absorption of Na from the lumen of the collecting duct

Answer 0

Aldosterone

Question 1

This substance indirectly stimulates the production of aldosterone

Answer 1

Renin

Question 2

ADH is produced by ______

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

Question 3

This substance is responsible for making the collecting duct more permeable to passive water movement out of the lumen by inserting aquaporins

Answer 3

ADH

Question 4

Urine is an ultrafiltrate of the _____

Answer 4

Plasma

Question 5

The outer cortex of the kidney is the location of what 3 things?

Answer 5

Location of glomeruli (where filtration occurs), proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules

Question 6

What is located inside the medulla?

Answer 6

Renal pyramid (loops of henle inside this) and sinus (with minor calyces that merge to form the major calyx)

Question 7

Basic functional unit of the kidney

Answer 7

Nephron

Question 8

Responsible for production of the filtrate; located at the proximal end of the proximal tubule

Answer 8

Glomerulus

Question 9

The filtrate initially collects in _______ ______ due to hydrostatic differences between the lumen of the adder end arteriole and Bowman’s space

Answer 9

Bowman’s Space

Question 10

After urine leaves the glomerulus it has approximately the same specific gravity as _______; this is known as _______

Answer 10

Plasma ; isothenuria

Question 11

What is the specific gravity of plasma?

Answer 11

1.010

Question 12

Significantly reduces the volume of water in the filtrate by reabsorbing approximately 2/3; Na, Cl, Glucose, and Amino Acids are absorbed from filtrate; removes unfiltered proteins or drugs out of blood; secretes H

Answer 12

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 13

This tissue surrounds the Loops of Henle in the medullary of the kidney; hypertonic to the filtrate

Answer 13

Medullary interstitium

Question 14

In this area water moves out of the lumen, it is permeable to urea, and impermeable to Na and Cl

Answer 14

Descending limb of Loops of Henle

Question 15

In this area Na and Cl are actively moved out of the lumen, it is impermeable to water, and permeable to urea

Answer 15

Ascending limb of the Loops of Henle

Question 16

In the presence of aldosterone, Na is actively transported out of the lumen (water follows) in what area of the nephron?

Answer 16

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 17

This determines the final concentration of urine

Answer 17

Collecting duct

Question 18

JGA senses decreases in ____\______ ______ and releases renin which stimulates the production of angiotensin II which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Answer 18

Na\Blood Volume

Question 19

Aldosterone actively increases _____ ______ from the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct and thus ______ pulls water out of the lumen. _______ is secreted into the lumen.

Answer 19

Na absorption; passively; potassium

Question 20

_______ in the heart sense a drop in blood pressure, increase in plasma osmolality, and/or exposure to aldosterone

Answer 20

Baroreceptors

Question 21

The ______ synthesizes ADH which is transported to the pituitary gland for storage before it is released into the bloodstream

Answer 21

hypothalamus

Question 22

ADH causes changes in the epithelium of the _____ ______ _____ and _____ ______ that enhance the passive flow of water out of the lumen

Answer 22

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 23

Patient with decreased blood pressure will compensate by doing what?

Answer 23

Producing more aldosterone

Question 24

List the three primary pigments found in urine

Answer 24

Urochrome, urobilin, and uroerythrin

Question 25

this is the primary source of yellow coloration and is produced at a constant rate

Answer 25

Urochrome

Question 26

this is an orange-brown colored pigment formed by the oxidation of urobilinogen; common in old urines

Answer 26

urobilin

Question 27

this is a pink pigment that attaches to urates in the urine and gives amorphous urates a pinkish hue

Answer 27

uroerythrin

Question 28

Yellow foam in urine is most commonly due to what?

Answer 28

bilirubin and drugs such as pyridium

Question 29

this is a drug used to reduce discomfort in UTIs, causes very orange urine obscuring chemical testing

Answer 29

pyridium

Question 30

What 3 things are reported on urine containing pyridium?

Answer 30

Color, clarity, and specific gravity (by refractometer)

Question 31

Fresh and intact RBCs cause urine color to be what?

Answer 31

Pink--->Red

Question 32

How does Hemoglobin and myoglobin appear in urine?

Answer 32

urine is clear, reagent strip positive for blood

Question 33

_____ in the urine is often accompanied by a reddish plasma

Answer 33

hemoglobin

Question 34

_______ in the urine is often accompanied by a clear plasma because it is cleared from the blood quicker

Answer 34

myoglobin

Question 35

accumulation of uroporphyrin causing port wine colored urine, color may be red but the strip may read negative

Answer 35

porphyria cutanea tarda

Question 36

accumulation of coproporphrinogen, red or colorless urine with fluorescence

Answer 36

lead poisoning

Question 37

Brown, Dark Brown, or Black urine can be caused by what 3 things?

Answer 37

Melanuria (melanin in urine), Alkaptonuria (homogenistic acid), medications

Question 38

Green or yellow/green urine is caused by what?

Answer 38

biliverdin (an oxidized form of bilirubin), bacterial infections (pseudomonas), or medications

Question 39

What does normal urine clarity look like?

Answer 39

clear

Question 40

List some non-pathogenic states of urine clarity

Answer 40

amorphous phosphates, carbonates, and urates precipitate out during refrigeration; squamous epithelial cells from an improper collection; improper storage allowing for excessive bacteria growth; contamination with sperm, talcum powder, vaginal creams, radiographic contrast, fat or chyle

Question 41

List some pathologic states from cloudy urine

Answer 41

bacteria, yeast, fungi, red blood cells, white blood cells, trichomonas, fecal contamination

Question 42

a ratio between the density of urine and the density of distilled water at the same temperature; a measure of the kidney's ability to maintain the body's water and chemical balance through reabsorption

Answer 42

specific gravity

Question 43

Specific gravity measures the amount of ______ _______

Answer 43

dissolved solids

Question 44

What is the chemical that is primarily responsible for urine coloration?

Answer 44

urochrome

Question 45

Principle: ratio of the velocity of light through air is compared to the velocity of light through a solution

Answer 45

Refractometer

Question 46

How do you correct the specific gravity in a refractometer for glucose?

Answer 46

for every gram of glucose/dL subtract 0.004

Question 47

How do you correct the specific gravity in a refractometer for protein?

Answer 47

for every gram of protein/dL, subtract 0.003

Question 48

How can the concentration of glucose and protein be determined?

Answer 48

by the reagent strip

Question 49

Why does using centrifuged or uncentrifuged urine not affect the specific gravity when using a refractometer?

Answer 49

because we are measuring dissolved substances