Seminal Fluid Analysis Flashcards

0
Q

These are located in the interstitium of the testes and are responsible for the production of testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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1
Q

This is the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse or the inability to carry pregnancy to term.

A

Infertility

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2
Q

This is the area between the seminiferous tubules; not part of the seminiferous tubules

A

Interstitium

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3
Q

These are the accessory glands that are responsible for approximately 70% of the ejaculate; contains high concentrations of flavin and fructose

A

Seminal Vesicles

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4
Q

The accessory gland that is responsible for approximately 25% of the ejaculate; contains acid phosphatase, proteolytic enzymes, and zinc

A

Prostate Gland

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5
Q

These secrete an alkaline mucous that serves to buffer the ejaculate to a slightly alkaline pH

A

Bulbourethral Glands

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6
Q

List the order for the travel route of sperm (SEVEn UP)

A
1 seminiferous tubules
2 epididymis
3 vans deferens
4 ejaculatory duct
5 urethra
6 penis
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7
Q

How would you collect seminal fluid?

A

collected through masturbation in a warm glass container, store at 37*C until testing begins, collect between 2-7 days of abstinence, label (name, period of abstinence, date, time of collection); testing should begin within 1 hour of collection

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8
Q

What is the normal appearance of seminal fluid?

A

viscous, translucent gray/white

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9
Q

What is an abnormal appearance of seminal fluid?

A

1 Whiter or more turbid=leukocytes
2 Red=expect RBCs
3 Yellow=urine, prolonged abstinence, certain medications

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10
Q

Describe normal viscosity of seminal fluid

A

semen immediately coagulates after ejaculation and within 30 minutes the coagulum will liquify

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11
Q

What types of viscosity are abnormal?

A

specimen isn’t liquified by 60 minutes, clumps or agglutination persists due to antibodies, watery samples due to few/if any sperm, mucous threads form that are greater than 2cm

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12
Q

What is the normal volume for seminal fluid?

A

2-5 mL

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13
Q

What does a volume of seminal fluid less than 2 mL indicate?

A

blockage, infection, congenital absence of seminal vesicles, retrograde ejaculation, or loss of fluid

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14
Q

What is the normal pH for seminal fluid?

A

7.2-8.0, slightly alkaline to neutralize acidic environment of vagina

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15
Q

What does a high pH of seminal fluid indicate?

A

infections

16
Q

What does a low pH of seminal fluid indicate?

A

a larger percentage of ejaculate volume is from the prostate gland or there are abnormalities in other sites

17
Q

This is one of the most important factors for infertility testing, done on brightfield

A

motility

18
Q

How do you examine motility?

A

prepare a wet mount and count percentage of sperm in each graded category (rapid progressive, moderately progressive, non-progressive, and immotile), a sperm moves by rotating its tail in a spiral motion

19
Q

What is normal sperm motility?

A

> or equal to 50% in the two most motile groups if the specimen is evaluated within 60 minutes

20
Q

How do you analyze sperm concentration?

A

dilute specimen, load hemacytometer, count 4 corner squares and red cell counting area, count both sides and average

21
Q

What is the equation for concentration of sperm?

A

((avg # of sperm)/(l x w x d)) x dilution factor

22
Q

What is a normal concentration for sperm?

A

20-250 million/mL, since sperm reported in mL and not microL you have to multiply by 1000

23
Q

What are some reasons for low sperm concentration?

A

anatomical defects, short periods of abstinence, loss of first portion of ejaculate, and low or absent fructose

24
Q

How do you calculate sperm count?

A

sperm concentration x volume of ejaculate

25
Q

What is a normal sperm count?

A

> or equal to 40 million

26
Q

When and why is a sperm count performed?

A

after postvasectomy, collected at monthly intervals beginning 2 months after surgery; must have 2 monthly specimens with no sperm; presence of motile sperm indicates unsuccessful procedure; macroscopic results should still be normal

27
Q

How do you analyze morphology?

A

prepare slide and air dry, stain with wright’s, giemsa, or papanicolaou; rate under oil immersion (1000x), count defective sperm and type of defect

28
Q

What is a normal percentage of normal sperm morphology?

A

normal sperm morphology=12-15% or greater normal sperm

29
Q

What percentage of normal sperm indicates a strong predictor of infertitily?

A

<5% normal sperm

30
Q

What is the teratozoospermia index (TZI)?

A

number of defects divided by total number of abnormal sperm; should be less than or equal to 1.6, helpful in predicting sperm function

31
Q

What would be the cause of abnormal morphology?

A

anatomical defects, physiological problems, infection, scrotal heating, and frequent ejaculations

32
Q

What two stains are useful in examining vitality?

A

Blom’s Stain or eosin nigrosin will allow rapid differentiation between alive and dead sperm, where dead sperm take up stain and appear dark pink and live sperm do not take up stain and appear white

33
Q

What is normal vitality?

A

> or equal to 50% or more alive in normal men

34
Q

What does leukocytes in ejaculate indicate?

A

should be less than 1 million/microL of seminal fluid otherwise indicate infection or inflammation

35
Q

What is measured in rape investigations?

A

look for motile sperm (24 hrs) or immotile sperm (3 days), acid phosphatase measurement, and PSA

36
Q

______ is the only body fluid with high concentration of acid phosphatase and can be measured in vaginal fluid or from skin or clothing.

A

semen