Biochemical Testing Flashcards

0
Q

Which method only measures the number of particles in solution?

A

Osmolality

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1
Q

What process is solely responsible to water reabsorption throughout the entire nephron?

A

passive transport

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2
Q

How should you store reagent strips?

A

avoid exposure to moisture, chemicals, heat, and light, store at room temp below (30*C), keep desiccant packet inside bottle, and close vial immediately after use

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3
Q

When should QC be performed on the reagent strips?

A

use both pos and neg controls a minimum of once every 24 hours, when a new bottle of strips is opened, and when a new lot is received

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4
Q

What is the normal for Specific Gravity?

A

1.003 to 1.030

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5
Q

Urine with a specific gravity of 1.010

A

Isosthenuria

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6
Q

Urine with a specific gravity of < 1.010

A

Hyposthenuric

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of Hyposthenuria?

A

diabetes insipidus or renal disease

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8
Q

Urine with a specific gravity >1.010

A

Hypersthenuric

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9
Q

Limitation of specific gravity

A

only determines specific gravity from 1.000-1.030 in 0.005 increments

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10
Q

What lowers specific gravity readings?

A

highly buffered alkaline urine

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11
Q

How do you correct for alkaline urine?

A

when pH is > 7 add 0.005 to the strip reading if it is being read manually

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12
Q

Principle of pH

A

Double indicator of Methyl Red and Bromthymol Blue

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13
Q

Reference range for pH

A

There isn’t a reference range for urine pH because broad variances occur daily in normal patients

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14
Q

When is acidic urine common during the day?

A

acidic urine is common in the morning (5-6)

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15
Q

WHen is urine suspicious of tampering as far as pH?

A

below 5 is suspicious

16
Q

Meats and high protein diet lead to what pH in the urine?

A

acidic urine

17
Q

Vegetarian diet leads to what type of pH in urine

A

alkaline urine

18
Q

What is it called when you have basic urine after a large meal?

A

Alkaline Tide

19
Q

What leads to ACIDIC blood and ALKALINE urine?

A

Renal tubular acidosis

20
Q

what cells contain leukocyte esterase?

A

granulocytic white blood cells (neuts, eos, basos, and monos)
Not found in RBCs, Lymphocytes, and epithelial cells

21
Q

Leukocyte Esterase Principle

A

Indoxylcarbonic acid ester > leukocyte esterase > indoxyl

indoxyl + diazonium salt >purple azodye

22
Q

Leukocyte Esterase is associated with what infections?

A

Bacterial infections or Trichomonas infections

23
Q

In bacterial infections with a positive leukocyte esterase, what result usually accompanies it?

A

a positive nitrite reaction

25
Positive leukocyte esterase may be found without bacteriuria in what 4 conditions?
1. Trichomonas 2. Chlamydia 3. Yeast infections 4. inflammation of renal tissues
26
What is the specificity of Leukocyte Esterase?
specific for esterase
27
What causes false positive for Leukocyte esterase?
1. Vaginal Contamination | 2. Medications that falsely color urine
28
What causes false negatives for Leukocyte esterase?
1. increased glucose >3 g/dl 2. increased protein > 500mg/dL 3. High specific gravity 4. Certain medications
29
Nitrites: | - principle
Greiss Reaction
30
Nitrites: | - clinical significance
Bacteria convert nitrates into nitrites. Nitrites are an abnormal finding
31
Nitrites: | - Indicates the presence of what?
Gram Negative bacteria
32
Nitrite: | - What is it when bacterial infection ascends from the bladder to the ureters and kidneys?
Pyelonephritis
33
Nitrite: | - False Positives
1. Falsely colored urine | 2. Improper storage allowing for bacterial proliferation
34
Nitrite: | - False Negatives
1. Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) | 2. The enzyme is only found in gram neg bacteria