Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Urinary System > Urine formation > Flashcards

Urine formation Flashcards

1
Q

ChlorineTo produce urine, nephrons & collecting ducts do 3 things -

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens to water & small molecules in glomerular filtration

A

they pass through pores in the glomerular capillaries into the bowman’s capsule ready to be processed by the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens to blood cells, plasma proteins and other large molecules during glomerular filtration

A

they stay in the capillaries as unable to filter through so go back to bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Filtrate contains (6)

A 
water
glucose
amino acids
electrolytes/ions
urea & other wastes
hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is the pressure increased for filtration

A

efferent arteriole diameter (exit) is smaller than afferent arteriole (entrance) thus increases pressure - forces thte filtrate out of capillaries and into the capsule space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how else is glomerular filtration efficient?

A

pores in glomerular capillaries 50 times more leaky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

summary of how glomerular filtration is adapted for fantastic filtration

A

greater blood pressure

more permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens if systolic BP is above 200

A

the kidneys are damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens if systolic BP is below 80 (e.g. shock)

A

nephron filtration is impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does blood flow through nephrons remain constant despite normal changes in systolic BP?

A

diameter of arterioles (bringing blood to kidneys) is adjusted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

albuminaria

A

damage to glomerular capillaries leading to plasma protein loss - leaks into filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lowered albumin in blood makes it

A

hypotonic - fluid leaks from blood to tissues

blood volume decreases & interstitial fluid volume increases causing Oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe tubular reabsrption

A

as filtrate moves along renal tubules & collecting ducts tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of the filtrate and are returned to the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 substances reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption

A

water
amino acids & small proteins
glucose
electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is tubular secretion

A

tubule & duct cells also SECRETE certain materials so can be removed from blood and excreted via urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what materials are secreted in tubular secretion

A

waste products - creatinine, ammonium ions, urea
certain drugs - penicillin
Excess ions - H+, K+

17
Q

Na

A

Sodium

18
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

19
Q

HCL

A

Hydrochloric acid

20
Q

Which 5 hormones affect kidney reabsorption of Na, Cl, Ca & water as well as secretion of K

A 
Angiotensin 2
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Parathyroid hormone
21
Q

What do kidneys do if blood pressure is too low which inhibits effective blood filtering

A

secrete an enzyme called RENIN

22
Q

what does Renin convert

A

angiotensinogen from the liver into angiotensin 1

23
Q

how is angiotensin 1 converted into its active form angiotensin 2

A

via angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

secreted by lungs & kidneys

24
Q

Angiotensin 2 does 3 things -

A

triggers vasoconstriction
triggers pituitary gland to release ADH
Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to produce Aldosterone

25
Q

Aldesterone does what

A

causes kidneys to retain Na and excrete K

- causes water retention, increases BV and BP

26
Q

Summary of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A 
BP too low - 
kidneys secrete RENIN
converts ANGIOTENSINOGEN from liver into ANGIOTENSIN 1 - converted into ANGIOTENSIN 2 by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) from lungs/kidneys
Vasocontriction
ADH released from pituitary
ALDOSTERONE produced by adrenal cortex
sodium retained, potassium extreted
water retention - blood volume/pressure increased!!!
27
Q

ADH, released by posterior pituitary is triggered by

A

dehydration! (reduced water volume in blood)

reduced blood volume (haemorrhage)

28
Q

How does ADH rebalance the osmotic pressure of the blood by increasing water re-absorption in the kidneys

A

increases permeability od distal convoluted tubules - reabsorb more water = INCREASE in blood volume/pressure

29
Q

what feedback mechanism regulates ADH secretion

A

negative

30
Q

ANP

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

31
Q

when/where is ANP released

A

from heart when INCREASE in blood volume/pressure

32
Q

What change does ADH bring about to blood volume/pressure

A

INCREASES

33
Q

what change does ANP bring about to blood volume/pressure

A

DECREASES

34
Q

how does ANP decrease blood volume/pressure

A

inhibits reabsorption of na/water in renal tubules
supresses ADH and aldosterone
increased excretion of Na (K retention) in urine and increased urine output - decreases BV & BP

35
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone

36
Q

what stimulates parathyroid glands to release PTH

A

LOW blood calcium

37
Q

how does PTH act on kidney sot raise blood calcium

A

Stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb more calcium

inhibits phosphate reabsorption

Urinary System (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions