Overview

Question 1

7 functions of urinary system

Answer 1

excretion of unwanted substances
maintains water/electrolyte balance
pH regulation of blood
produces hormones - erythropoietin, calcitriol
regulation of RBC production
regulation of blood glucose levels
regulation of blood pressure, volume, osmolarity

Question 2

the kidneys specialise in the removal of what type of waste

Answer 2

nitrogenous

Question 3

which nitrogen-containing waste in urine is a metabolite of protein metabolism

Answer 3

urea

Question 4

which nitrogen-containing waste in urine is an end product of muscle metabolism

Answer 4

creatinine

Question 5

which nitrogen-containing waste in urine is an end product of purine metabolism

Answer 5

uric acid

Question 6

3 types of waste urinary system gets rid of

Answer 6

metabolic waste - urea/uric acid/creatinine
Ions (charged atoms/molecules) in particular H+ Hydrogen
Toxins - via liver

Question 7

electrolytes are

Answer 7

charges atoms in a solution (water) - (they conduct electricity)

Question 8

the most important 3 electrolytes regulated by the kidneys are

Answer 8

sodium Na+
Potassium K+
Hydrogen H+

Question 9

Na+

Answer 9

Sodium

Question 10

Potassium

Answer 10

K+

Question 11

H+

Answer 11

Hydrogen

Question 12

what type of solution contains an excess of H+ ions

Answer 12

an acidic one

Question 13

bllod pH must remain between what & what

Answer 13

7.35-7.45

Question 14

2 primary control systems for blood pH

Answer 14

Lungs- extrete CO2 - more CO2 more acidic in blood

kidneys excrete H+ and produce buffer HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Question 15

what is calcitriol

Answer 15

active form of Vit D

Question 16

Calcitriol increases the absorption of what from the GIT (and the retention of them by the kidneys)

Answer 16

Calcium

Phosphorous

Question 17

Ca

Answer 17

Calcium

Question 18

P

Answer 18

Phosphorous

Question 19

A deficiency of Calcitriol causes

Answer 19

Osteomalacia (Rickets)

Question 20

what is the system through which Kidneys maintain blood pressure called

Answer 20

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone hormone system

Question 21

where is calcitriol manufactured

Answer 21

in the kidneys from vitamin D precursors made in the skin

or obtained through diet

Question 22

if the kidneys aren’t receiving enough 02 what do they produce

Answer 22

erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

Question 23

what is normal blood glucose level

Answer 23

4-8mmol/L

Question 24

what is the RENAL threshold for glucose

Answer 24

9mmol/L

Question 25

What happens if blood glucose is above renal threshold

Answer 25

glucose cannot be reabsorbed back into blood - some retained by kidneys to go back into blood but remainder excreted via urine

Question 26

hyperglycaemia indicates what

Answer 26

pathology (diabetes)

Question 27

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 27

kidneys able to make glucose from amino acid GLUTAMINE if hypoglycaemia occurs