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Urinary System > pathologies > Flashcards

pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

3 things to check urine for

A

cloudy/clear
sweet/pungent
colour - dark/light

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2
Q

secondary indicators that urinary tract pathology is likely

A 
oedema
headaches - (dehydration)
exhaustion
nausea
vomiting
- confusion in elderly
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3
Q

7 physical secondary signs of kidney problems

A 
pale (rbcs)
puffy face
bags under eyes
vertical wrinkles
bulging  veins on temples (renal pressure)
swollen hands/fet
swellings worse at night (protein loss)
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4
Q

bladder camera op

A

cytoscopy

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5
Q

typical clinical findings with kidney problems (4)

A

Anaemia
low K, Na, Ca
High urea
High creatinine

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6
Q

painful, burning urination

A

dysuria

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7
Q

large quantity of urine

A

polyuria

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8
Q

little urine

A

oliguria

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9
Q

no urine

A

anuria

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10
Q

protein in urine

A

proteinuria

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11
Q

bacteria in urine

A

bacteriuria

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12
Q

waking in the night to urinate

A

nocturia

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13
Q

blood in urine

A

haematuria

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14
Q

Albumin in urine may indicate

A

kidney disease - gloerulonephritis

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15
Q

glucose in urine may indicate

A

diabetes

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16
Q

RBCs in urine may indicate

A

inflammatory urinary patholgy - eg - nephritis

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17
Q

ketones in urine may indicate

A

using large amounts fat/protein for energy

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18
Q

bilirubin in urine may indicate

A

liver pathology

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19
Q

urobilinogen in urine may indicate

A

liver pathology

haemolytic disease

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20
Q

casts - solid materials in urine may indicate

A

nephron disease/pyelonephritis

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21
Q

microbes in urine may indicate

A

infection

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22
Q

1 upper urinary tract pathology

A

pyelonephritis

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23
Q

3 lower UT pathologies

A

prostitis
cystitis
urethritis

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24
Q

why UTIs more common in women

A

shorter urethra, closer to anus

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25
Q

what is urinary tract infection

A

infection/inflammation of urinary tract - usually urethra

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26
Q 
Dysuria
frequent urge to urinate day/night
cloudy smelly urine
suprabubic pain
haematuria
A

Urinary tract infection

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27
Q

cause Urinary tract infection (3)

A 
microbial infection (often from GIT bacteria)
urine flow obstruction
catheter use
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28
Q

diagnosis UTI

A

urine dip-stick - nitrates,

blood - RBC, WBC

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29
Q

bladder infection

A

Cystitis

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30
Q

cystitis more common in older rather than younger men why

A

enlarged prostste

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31
Q

pain lower back/abdomen
dysuria
frequent urge to urinate but only tiny amount - Oliguria
dark, smelly, cloudy urine
systemic signs - fever, malaise, nausea, fever

A

acute Cystitis

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32
Q

causes acute cystitis

A 
not emptying bladder fully
bacteria in urethra - honeymoon cystitis
(pee after sex)
wiping back to front
urine flow obstruction
catheter/diaphragm use
enlarged prostate
thinned lining (post menopausal)
diabetes
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33
Q

diagnosis cystitis

A

dipstick - bacteria, WBCs, maybe blood

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34
Q

mostly in older men when enlarged prostste obstructs urine flow causing residual urine

A

chronic Cystitis

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35
Q

collective term for inflammatory disorders of glomeruli

A

glomerulonephritis

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36
Q

most common disease of the kidneys

A

glomerulonephritis

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37
Q 
back pain - kidneys swell
dark cloudy urine - 
oliguria
facial/periorbital oedema - 
increased blood pressure
systemic signs - tiredness, headaches, fever, nausea
A

acute glomerulonephritis

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38
Q

dark cloudy urine could indicate

A

proteins & RBCs

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39
Q

facial & perorbital oedema why

A

Na & water retenyion

40
Q

diagnosis glomerulonephritis

A

urine - RBCs, protein

blood - elevated serum urea, creatinine

41
Q

allopathic treatment glomerulonephritis

A

strict bed rest few weeks
antibiotics & glucocorticoids
restricted sodium, water, protein consumption

42
Q

10% of cases become chronic
2-5% fatal - renal failure
complications for -

A

Glomerulonephritis

43
Q

chronic glomerulonephritis is

A

glomerulonephritis not healed after 2-3 weeks
may present with glomerular scarring
nephrotic syndrome
nephritic syndrome

44
Q

what type of reaction is glomerulonephritis

A

autoimmune

45
Q

what does the body form in response to prior infection that can lead to gflomerulonephritis

A

antigen-antibody immune complexes

46
Q

where are antigen-antibody immune complexes deposited in lead up to glomerulonephritis

A

glomeruli - cause damaging immune reaction

leads to leaky capillaries, excessive cell proliferation

47
Q

glomerulonephritis - 1 kidney involved or symmetrical

A

symmetrical

48
Q

in glomerulonephritis damaged kidneys allow what to leak into urine

A

protein & RBCs

49
Q

in glomerulonephritis what causes congestion in glomeruli, interfering with filtration process

A

fibrin deposits, WBC & platelet aggregation

50
Q

cause glomerulonephritis

A

auto-immune-mediated injury to glomeruli -
often 1/2 weeks after bacterial infection
often tonsils, sinuses, teeth, respiratory tract

51
Q

glomerular sclerosis definition

A

scarring/fibrosis glomerular capillaries

52
Q

nephrotic syndrome definaition

A

leaky glomeruli

53
Q

2 causes glomerular sclerosis

A

glomerulonephritis

end stage diabetes

54
Q

causes nephrotic syndrome 5

A 
glomerulonephritis
diabetic glomerulsclerosis
systemic lupus
infections (malaria, hepatitis)
drugs traetment
55
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular Filration Rate

56
Q

congestion of glomerular capillaries INHIBITS blood flow, leads to high blood pressure as kidneys produce more renin to increase blood flow and restore proper GFR

A

gloerular sclerosis

57
Q

protein(albumin) seeps through leaky glomeruli - albuminaria
loss of plasma proteins = low plasma osmotic pressure & hypotonic capillaries, so fluid leaks into tissues = oedema
also, weight gain, pallor, normal BP, normal blood urea/creatinine

A

nephrotic sydrome

58
Q

diabetic microangiopathy

A

progressive glomerulosclerosis - scarring

59
Q

diabetic macroangiopathy

A

atheroma of renal arteries

60
Q

cause of death in 10% of all diabetics

A

renal failure

61
Q

diagnosis diabetuc kidney

A

albuminaria

62
Q

initially none, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, itchy skin, metal taste in mouth, heartburn, oedema in limbs/eyelids

A

diabetic kidney

63
Q

allopathic traetment diabetic kidney 4

A

normalise blood sugar levels
ACE inhibitors or angiotensin 2 to reduce blood pressure
low protein diet if kidney function reduced
severe cases dialysis/kidney transplant

64
Q

Describe acute pyelonephritis 3

A

Acute microbial infection of renal pelvis & medulla which has usually spread up from bladder
Renal pelvis & calyces fill with purulent exudate
Medulla is inflamed and abscesses/necrosis may be present

65
Q

Cause acute pyelonephritis

A 
Infection spreading up from bladder
Obstructed flow of urine
Pregnancy
Diabetes 
Medication abuse
Gout
66
Q

Dysuria & other signs of cystitis
Pain in lower back
Sensitivity to touch in kidney area - often 1 sided
Fever fatigue nausea

A

Acute pyelonephritis

67
Q

Diagnosis acute pyelonephritis

A

Urine - bacteriauria pus heamaturia
Urinary casts consisting if WBCs or renal epithelial cells, maybe protein
Blood - elevated WBCs & ESR

68
Q

Allopathic treatment acute pyelonephritis

A

Antibiotics
Strict bed rest
Fluids
Warm packs

69
Q

Severe cases pus compresses renal artery & vein or obstruct ureter
Recurrent/chronic infections = fibrosis, loss of tubule function
Reoccurrence is common
Infection often remains asymptomaticly in bladder - important to check

A

Acute pyelonephritis

70
Q

Prophylactic

A

Preventative measure

71
Q

Why can cranberry juice be a useful prophylactic for a UTI

A

Reduces ability of E Coli to adhere to bladder mucosa

72
Q

Incompletely healed acute pyelonephritis or recurrent pyelonephritis

A

Chronic pyelonephritis

73
Q

Can be undiagnosed for long time,

Headache, tiredness, fever,, mild anaemia, high ESR

A

Chronic pyelonephritis

74
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis diagnosis 3

A

Pus in urine
Bacteria in urine
High ESR

75
Q

What are renal calculi

A

Kidney stones

76
Q

How does arteriosclerosis, associated with hypertension, cause more hypertension

A

Arteriosclerosis causes decreased blood flow in glomeruli,
which reduces GFR,
Increases renin secretion
Causes further increase in BP

77
Q

What is renal hypertension

A

Secondary hypertension, caused by chronic kidney disease

78
Q

Renal calculi primarily affect

A

Men

79
Q

Where can renal calculi occur

A

In whole urinary tract

80
Q

What affect do renal calculi have on urine outflow

A

Can obstruct it

81
Q

Renal calculi can consist of 4

A

Utica acid
Calcium
Struvite
Oxalates

82
Q

Cause struvite renal calculi

A

Alkaline urine

83
Q

Cause Uric acid stones in urine

A

Acid urine

84
Q

Cause Uric acid crystals in urine

A

Gout

85
Q

Cause calcium phosphate stones in urine

A

Hyperparathyroidism

86
Q

Other causes kidney stones 3

A

Dehydration
Infection
Urine obstruction

87
Q

Asymptomatic often early, maybe blood trace in urine
Later when stone moves, colic pain in kidney area radiating to groin
Nausea, vomiting, rapid pulse

A

Renal calculi

88
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Shockwave or laser therapy for kidney stones

89
Q

Preventative steps to take if family history of renal calculi

A

Adjust urine pH through diet
Reduce oxalates & Uric acid
Balance calcium levels
Increase fluid intake

90
Q

What do diuretic drugs remove from body

A

Excess sodium & water

91
Q

How do diuretics work

A

Lower rate of re absorption of filtrate from kidney tubules so more water and Na is excreted

92
Q

Complications diuretics

A

Loss of electrolytes

Muscle weakness/palpitations caused by excessive loss of K & Mg

93
Q

What is dialysis

A

Artificial kidney used for acute renal failure

94
Q

Two types dialysis

A

Haemodialysis

Peritoneal dialysis

95
Q

Why is prophylactic use of antibiotics v common with both forms of dialysis

A

Both carry risk of infection

Urinary System (7 decks)

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