Quiz Flashcards
4 main parts of urinary system
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
name 3 metabolic waste products excreted through the urinary system
urea
uric acid
creatinine
which are the 2 most important electrolytes controlled by the kidneys
sodium
potassium
how do kidneys control blood ph
conserve bicarbonate and secrete H+
2 hormones produced by kidneys
calcitriol
erythropoitein
name 2 distinct regions that make up internal kidney dtructure
renal medulla
renal cortex
what is basic functional unit of urinary system
nephron
name 3 sections of renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
what is the special name for smooth muscle tissue in the bladder
detrusor muscle
how does micturation process differ in babies & adults
infants - reflex
adults - learned control of urethral sphincter & pelvic floor muscles allow voluntary initiation and delay of micturation
name 3 processes kidneys perform when forming urine
glomerular filtration - in renal corpuscle
tubular reabsorption - in renal tubules]tubular secretion - in renal tubules
3 substances that should normally be found in glomerular filtrate
water mineral salts amino acids ketoacids glucose hormones creatinine urea uric acid toxins some drugs
give 2 ways that kidney structure is adapted to be good at filtration
efferent arteriole diameter smaller than afferent arteriole - increases pressure for filtration
pores in glomrular capillaries are 50 times more leaky than normal capillaries allowing water and solutes to pass through more easily
define term autoregulation
blood through through nephrons is constant, despite normal changes in systolic blood pressure 80-180 mmHg
this is controlled by adjusting diameter of arterioles bringing blood into kidneys in response to blood pressure/filtrate flow rate
when you do urine dipstick test you don’t expect to protein, why/
plasma proteins are too big to pass through glomerular pores
give 2 ex of tubular reabsorbed substances
water
electrolytes
amino acids and small proteins
glucose
what is the point of tubular secretion
secretion of waste products and excess ions to allow these substances to be removed from blood & excreted in urine
patients with high blood pressure are sometimes given ACE inhibitors, why?
stops angiotensin 1 being converted to vasoconstrictor angiotrensin 2
what is role of ADH
increases water reabsorption by increasing permeability of the distal convoluted tubules
name 4 substances that are normal consituents of urine
water urea uric acid creatinine ammonia Na, K, Cl, P, S, Oxalates
Suggest 5 general signs/symptoms that might suggest a urinary system pathology
frequent/painful urinating/urge to go high urine volume great thirst low or no urine volume red urine - blood/beetroot pain in kidney area oedema headaches exhaustion nausea, vomiting pale puffy face bags under eyes vertical wrinkles and prominent arteries on temples (renal pressure) swollen hands/feet swelling worse at night (protein loss)
dysuria
pain on urination
oliguria
little urine
bacteriuria
bacteria in urine
name 3 symptoms that may indicate a patient has cystitis
dysuria, frequent urge day & night, cloudy, smelly urine, suprapubic pain, haematuria
why are UTIs more common in women
shorter urethra
what is most common cause of chronic cystitis
enlarged prostate obstructing urine flow
what causes glomerulonephritis
antigen-antibody complexes deposit in the glomeruli and cause a damaging immune reaction which leads to leaky capillaries and cell proliferation which can interfere with filtration process.
what is consequence of glomerular sclerosis
high blood pressure
explain why nephrotic syndrome leads to oedema
glomeruli become too leaky and protein seeps through (albuminuria)
Low osmotic pressure leads to Oedema
why do diabetics often get kidney problems
damage to large & small BVs in the body with diabetes
progressive glomerulosclerosis
atheroma of renal arteries
what is pyelonephritis
acute microbial infection of renal pelvis and kidney medulla
renal pelvis and calyces fill with purulent exudate
medulla is infmaed, abcesses/necrosis may be present
name an early symptom in a urine dipstick test that might lead you to beleive someone has kidney stones
microscopic blood in urine
name a complication of diabetic drugs
loss of electrolytes!
can lead to muscle weakness and palpitations caused by excessive loss of K and Mg
describe peritoneal dialysis
peritoneal cavity is filled with dialysis fluid
waste products from the blood can filter into the fluid and be removed by a shunt
if kidney problems which macro nutrient should you cut back on
protein
if you are low on electrolytes, what happens when you drink water
goes straight through you
