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Sec 3 Science > urine, dilution, concentration and bones > Flashcards

urine, dilution, concentration and bones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the organs in our excretory system?

A

kidneys (main), ureters, bladder and urethra.

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2
Q

what does the kidney do?

A

kidneys are the body’s filtration system. they filter blood through millions of nephrons, which are small filtration units. they receive unfiltered blood from the renal artery.

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3
Q

what do the ureters do?

A

they are tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder. their function is to carry the urine to the bladder.

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4
Q

what is the bladder?

A

it’s a stretchy bag made of elastic walls.

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5
Q

how does the bladder work?

A

a (circular muscle), sphincter, located at the bottom of the bladder contracts to stop the flow of urine and relaxes to expel it.

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6
Q

what is the urethra?

A

its narrow tube that transports urine from the bladder to outside the body.

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7
Q

what is homeostasis (balance)?

A

it’s the body’s ability to maintain body’s stability (mineral salts in blood, blood pH, water temperature, etc.) to keep it close to a specific set point.

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8
Q

what is an example of homeostasis or what it does?

A

when we drink a lot of liquids, there is too much water in the blood, making the volume of blood increase. the pituitary gland sends a message (hormone) to the kidneys which will remove more water from the blood.

OR- if we eat too much salty food, the large intestine will absorb a lot of minerals and the concentration of minerals in the blood will be too high. the pituitary gland sends a signal to the kidneys to hold onto the water. therefore, the the kidneys will remove less water and more mineral salts from the blood resulting in a more concentrated urine.

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9
Q

what is the formula for concentration?

A

c (concentration) = m (mass) multiplied by v (volume)

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10
Q

what are the units for concentration?

A

grams/liter

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11
Q

1 liter is how many mililiters?

A

1000 mL

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12
Q

what is the unit for mass?

A

grams

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13
Q

what is the unit for volume?

A

liters

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14
Q

what is the equation for dilution?

A

c1 v1 = c2 v2 (c is concentration, v is volume)

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15
Q

what is 21g division symbol 0.47g/mL

A

44.7 mL

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16
Q

what are the two types of bones found in your skull/face?

A

cranium bones and facial bones.

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17
Q

what do the bones in your head do?

A

they protect the brain, give the face shape, protect the sense organs, allow a passageway for the nerves coming from senses to reach the brain and the movement of the lower jaw is necessary for chewing/talking.

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18
Q

what is the ‘bones of the trunk’ made up of?

A

it’s made up of the rib cage and vertebral column.

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19
Q

what is the vertebral column made up of?

A

33 vertebrae (individual bones interlock with each other). 24 of them can move; separated by discs. 9 of them are fused and don’t allow movement, this is for stability.

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20
Q

what does the vertebral column do?

A

allows the body to stand up straight, the discs make it flexible and solid so that they can absorb impact and maintain balance and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

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21
Q

the arms are connected to the trunk by what?

A

the scapula and clavicle which allows for movement of the arms at the shoulder level.

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22
Q

what do the long bones do?

A

they have bone marrow which produces wbc and rbc.

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23
Q

what do the upper limbs do?

A

provide support to the muscles of the arms and hands..

24
Q

the lower limbs are connected to the trunk by what?

A

the pelvic girdle (hip joint).

25
Q

what is the longest bone in the body?

A

the femur.

26
Q

what do the lower limbs do?

A

they allow movement; the hop joins allows for a wide range of motion, the knee joint allows movement, the ankle joint allows movement of the feet. the pelvis and leg bones support the entire wight of the body and don’t allow it to move around.

27
Q

how many ribs are there?

A

12

28
Q

what do the ribs do?

A

protect the heart and lungs

29
Q

how many vertebrae are there?

A

33, 9 of them (the bottom ones) are fused.

30
Q

what do the vertebrae do?

A

allows the body to stand up straight, protect the spinal cord, make it flexible and solid so that the vertebrae can absorb impact and maintain balance.

31
Q

what are the 3 types of joints?

A

immobile, semi-mobile and mobile joints.

32
Q

how much do the bones involved in immobile joints touch each other?

A

they only have a thin layer of cartilage in between.

33
Q

how much do the bones involved in semi-mobile joints touch each other?

A

there’s a cushion of cartilage between the bones involved.

34
Q

how much do the bones involved in mobile joints touch each other?

A

the joints are made of ligaments which connect the bones, synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and cartilage which protect the ones from impact and friction.

35
Q

what are the different types of body motion?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.

36
Q

what is the difference between extension and flexion?

A

extension involves stretching to pull two bones of a joint away from each other. flexion involves bending to bring two bones of a joint together. ex: knee, elbow.

37
Q

what is the difference between abduction and adduction?

A

abduction is the movement that separates an arm or leg from the center of the body. adduction is a movement that brings an arm or leg back to the center of the body.

38
Q

what is rotation?

A

a movement around on an axis.

39
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles?

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

40
Q

what is the role of a skeletal muscle?

A

it is attatched to the bone and may contract to move bones.

41
Q

what is the role of smooth muscles?

A

involuntary muscles found in internal organs.

42
Q

what is the role of a cardiac muscle?

A

it’s found in the heart and contracts involuntarily.

43
Q

what does the musculoskeletal system do?

A

allows for a wide range of movements.
the skeleton supports the body.
the joints that connect the bones make movements possible.
the bones connected by joints are attatched to muscles and act as levers to allow various parts of the body to move.

44
Q

what is a technical object?

A

anything that is man-made and has a purpose.

45
Q

what are the components in a mechanical system?

A

driver, driven, intermediate.

46
Q

what is a link?

A

joining 2 or more parts together. ex: screw, nails, staple, glue.

47
Q

what is guiding?

A

it allows a part to move in a certain way. ex: axle of a wheel.

48
Q

what is lubrication?

A

using a substance to reduce friction between 2 parts. ex: wax on skis.

49
Q

what is a seal?

A

preventing the passage of a substance out of it’s container. ex: syringe sealing ring.

50
Q

what are the 3 types of mechanical motions?

A

translational (up and down). rotational (that’s pretty self explanitory). helical (both translational and rotational).

51
Q

what are the different types of motion transmission systems?

A

gear trains, chain and sprocket, worm and worm gear, friction gear, belt and pulley.

52
Q

what is the only motion transmission system that is not reversible?

A

worm and worm gear system.

53
Q

how do you calculate the speed ratio?

A

driver/driven. for smooth gears you use their diameter. for teethed gears you count the number of teeth.

54
Q

what are the different types of motion transformation systems?

A

rack and pinion (theres a bar with teeth on one side and a gear that rolls over the rack), screw gear (pipe wrentch), cam and follower (egg shaped thing that pushes up a stick), slider and crank (choo choo train wheels thing).

55
Q

what are the 2 types of solutions?

A

homogenous (gay) and heterogenous (straight)

56
Q

what is a solvant question mark

A

it’s the one dissolving the solute

57
Q

what’s is a solute?

A

it being dissolved

Sec 3 Science (9 decks)

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