urine and other nonblood specimens and tests Flashcards
what are other nonblood specimen types
liquid
semiliquid substances
tissues
hair
nail clippings
breath samples
nonblood specimen labeling
label using the same identifying info as blood specimens
include the type and/ or source of the specimen on the label
the most frequently analyzed nonblood body fluid
urine
it is used to measure urine’s specific gravity
refractometer
analysis of urine can aid in…
monitoring wellness
diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections
detection and monitoring of metabolic disease
determine the effectiveness or complications of theraphy
it can be collected at any time and are usually the most convenient type of specimen for patients
random urine
it is usually collected immediately upon awakening in the morning after approximately 8hrs of sleep
first-morning/ eight-hour specimen
collected two hours after a meal and tested for glucose
two-hour postprandial specimen
pooled urine specimen collected over 24-hr period. the first morning specimen is discarded, stat the timing and collect all urine for the next 24 hrs including the first specimen voided the following morning
twenty-four-hour specimen
type of urine specimen is the best one for detecting a UTI
midstream clean-catch specimen
collected when a patient is having trouble voiding or is already catharized for other reasons
catherized specimens
involves inserting a needle directly into the urinary bladder and aspirating the urine directly from the bladder into a sterile syringe
suprapubic aspiration
a plastic urine collection bag with hypoallergenic skin adhesive is used to collect a urine specimen from an infant or small child
pediatric urine collection
screens for urinary and systemic disorders
routine urinalysis (UA)
where should routine urinalysis be collected in
clean, dry, chemically clean containers with tight-fitting lids
*it shld be transported to the lab promptly and must be tested within 2 hrs
what does the UA physical examination involves
macroscopic observation and notation of clarity (transparent, cloudy)
color
odor
measurement of volume
specific gravity or osmolality
how does the UA chemical examination is performed
a plastic reagent strip (often called a dipstick)
what are the positive results and examples of possible conditions
ppt
what does the UA microscopic examination identifies
urine components such as:
cells
crystals
cats
microorganisms
- by examining a sample or urine sediment under a microscope
*to obtain the sediment, a measured portion of well-mixed urine
how can the pregnancy can be confirmed
by testing urine for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
when does the peak urine levels of hCG occur
at approx. 10 weeks of gestation
*human chorionic gonadotropin
the clear, almost colorless to pale yellow fluid that fills the membrane (amnion or amniotic sac) that surrounds and cushions a fetuc in the uterus
amniotic fluid
how does the amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid obtained by a physician
amniotic fluid: transabdominal amniocentesis
cerebrospinal fluid: lumbar practice (spinal tap)
the fluid that surrounds the and helps cushion the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
used to monitor hormone levels and detect alcohol and drug abuse because it can be collected quickly and easily in a noninvasive manner
saliva
analyzed for chloride content in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis that involved a processed called iontophoresis
sweat
a clear, pale yellow, moderately viscous fluid that lubricated and decreases friction in movable joints
synovial fluid
* collected through joint aspiration or arthrocentesis
this fluid is aspirated from the pleural space (cavity) surrounding the lungs
pleural fluid
this fluid is aspirated from the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart
pericardial fluid
this fluid is aspirated from the abdominal cavity
peritoneal fluid
*by a procedure call paracentesis
used to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori (HH. pylori) that causes peptic ulcers
breath samples
a method in obtaining cells for dna analysis that is used for paternity testing and to identdify viruses
buccal/ oral specimens
viruses such as:
- herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
- oral human papillomavirus (HPV)
- mumps virus
specimens that can help identify disorders of the digestive tract, liver and pancreas
feces (stool)
it is a commonly used method to diagnose foodborne illnesses
culture-independent diagnostic tests
it is the traditional occult blood test
fecal guaiac test
- detect occult (hidden) blood in feces
it is a more specific type of screening test for blood in the colon or rectum
fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
what are exmples of test that require refrigeration of specimen
quantitative fecal fat analysis
urobilinogen
detect alcohol, drugs of abuse and used to identify poisoning
hair
drugs of abuse such as amphetamines, opium, cocaine or marijuana
identify poisoning by heavy metals, arsenic poisoning in agricultural workers
most often collected to aid in the diagnosis of streptococcal (strep) throat infections
throat swabs
