circulatory system

Question 1

briefly explain the layers of the heart

Answer 1

Inner to outer

Endocardium
- thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
- lines the interior chambers and valve

Myocardium
- thickest muscle
- thick layer of cardiac muscle (to contract to pump blood into arteries)

Epicardium
- thin serous “watery” membrane that is cintinous with the lining of the pericardium
- covers the heart and attached to the pericardium

Question 2

It is a medical term for chest pain that is usually due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is typically caused by narrowing obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries

Answer 2

Angina
Angina pectoris

Question 3

Partial obstruction of a coronary artery or one of its branches can reduce blood flow to the point at which is not adequate to meet the oxygen needs of the heart muscle

Answer 3

Heart attack
Called myocardial ischemia

Complete obstruction or prolonged ischemia leads to myocardial infarction or health attack
= results to necrosis or death of the surrounding tissue from lack of oxygen

Question 4

Partial obstruction of a coronary artery or one of its branches can reduce blood flow to the point at which is not adequate to meet the oxygen needs of the heart muscle

Answer 4

Heart attack
Called myocardial ischemia

Complete obstruction or prolonged ischemia leads to myocardial infarction or health attack
= results to necrosis or death of the surrounding tissue from lack of oxygen

Question 5

It is a graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity during the cardiac cycle

Answer 5

Electrocardiogram ECG/EKG

Question 6

It is the palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by the altering explanation and contraction of an artery as a wave of of blood passes through it

Answer 6

Pulse

Question 7

it is the force (pressure) or tension exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels.

Answer 7

blood pressure

Question 8

where is the blood pressure commonly measured

Answer 8

large artery - such as the brachial artery in the upper arm
using a sphygmomanometer- aka blood pressure cuff

Question 9

systolic pressure:
diastolic pressure:

Answer 9

systolic pressure:
arterial pressure site during contraction of the ventricles
diastolic pressure:
arterial pressure site during relaxation of the ventricles

units is mm Hg
* the first sound you’ll here is the systolic pressure

Question 10

capillaries in latin

Answer 10

capilliaris - hair like

Question 11

what do the capillaries transport around

Answer 11

it is so tiny that RBC can only travel through them in a single file

Question 12

why must we show tender loving care at the dorsal forearm, hand and wrist in veins during venipuncture

Answer 12

these areas have many important and delicate parts close together
can cause pain, numbness as it is close to nerves

Question 13

blood is a mixture of ____ and ____

Answer 13

fluid and cells

• slightly alkaline
• pH of about 7.4

Question 14

RBC formation

Answer 14

erythropoiesis

Question 15

erythropoietin

Answer 15

the process is regulated by a hormone, EPO, which produced by specialized cells in the kidneys
it controls the process precisely so that the no. of RBCs produced compensates for the no. of RBCs lost or destroyed

Question 16

what is the main function of WBCs

Answer 16

to neutralize or destroy patthogens

Question 17

what is the color of the
anti serum A -
anti serum B -

Answer 17

anti serum A - azul
anti serum B -yellow

Question 18

coagulant blood -
non coagulant blood-

Answer 18

coagulant blood - means no anticoagulant (serum)
non coagulant blood- means have anticoagulant (plasma)