Urine Analysis

Question 1

Urine definition

Answer 1

Is an ultrafiltrate of plasma from which
glucose, amino acids, water and other
substances essential to body metabolism have
been reabsorbed.
Urine carries waste products and excess
water out of the body

Question 2

URINE CONSISTS OF

Answer 2

Mainly 95% water
Are 5% dissolved
solids
Are 2% Urea
And 3% Other compounds
Organic: creatinine
uric acid
Inorganic:
Cl-, Na, K
trace amounts of:
sulfate, HCO3, etc.,

Question 3

Why it’s done

Answer 3

To check overall health
part of a routine medical exam, pre
surgery preparation. to screen for a variety of disorders, such
as diabetes, kidney disease or liver disease, during admission
to a hospital

Urine pregnancy test: detect the hormone human chorionic
gonadotrophin (hCG), which starts to be produced around 6
days after fertilization

urine drug test : analyzes urine for the presence of certain
illegal drugs and prescription medications

To diagnose a medical condition. if there is abdominal pain,
back pain, frequent or painful urination, blood in urine, or
other urinary problems

To monitor a medical condition. If diagnosis with a medical
condition was done, such as kidney disease or a urinary tract
infection so following up

Question 4

Urine color analysis

Answer 4

Normal urine color is amber urine
Can be dark or pale yellow due to its concentration

Question 5

Abnormal urine colors are

Answer 5

Nearly colorless in diabetes incipidus
Diluted urine and chronic nephrosis
Dark yellow in concentrated urine due to dehydration and fever
Reddish brown color in blood prescience called hemoglobinuria and hematuria
Black color as alkaptonuria

Question 6

Urine odor analysis

Answer 6

Aromatic smell due to volatile acids
Mousy smells in pku
Foul smell in urinary tract infection
Ammonical in long standing samples or bacteria infecting the urine
Fruity smell due to ketonuria as in diabetic keton acidosis as acetone

Question 7

Appearance

Answer 7

Normal fresh urine is clear
On standing samples develop turbidity due to precipitation of phosphates
Pathological turbidity due to blood, pus and urates

Question 8

Aspect

Answer 8

Normal fresh urine has no deposits

Question 9

Reaction ph

Answer 9

Reflects kidney ability to maintain hydrogen ion concentration in eco and plasma
Urine usually slightly acidic and between 5 and 7 usually

Question 10

Ph abnormalities

Answer 10

Acidic urine: due to excessive meat and certain fruit due to cranberry juice
Respiratory or metabolic acidosis
Ketosis due to diabetes mellitus or prolonged starvation
Alkaline urine:
Vegetarian diet
Ammonia splitting and producing bacteria
Vomitting
Urinary tract infections
Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis

Question 11

Specific gravity

Answer 11

1015-1025

Question 12

High specific gravity

Answer 12

Restricted water intake or dehydration
Presence of glucose in urine due to diabetes mellitus
Presence of protein in urine called proteinuria
Adrenal insufficiency

Question 13

Low specific gravity

Answer 13

Polyuria except diabetes mellitus
High fluid intake
Diabetes incipidus
Hypothermia

Question 14

Measurement of Specific Gravity

Answer 14

Fill a proper cylinder with the sample of
urine provided
Remove any froth on the
surface of urine by filter paper
Take the
temperature of urine by means of a
thermometer
Float the urinometer in the
urine and read, record the observed
reading

Question 15

Conditions of proteinuria

Answer 15

Nephrosis or nephritis
Tuberculosis
Neoplasm
Bence jones proteins in multiple myeloma
Diabetes nephroapthy
Congestive heart failure
Hypertension
Strenious exercise
Pregnancy

Question 16

Causes of Glycosuria are

Answer 16

Renal glycosuria
Diabetes mellitus
Alimentary glucosuria
Hyperthyroidism, hyperpituitarism and hyperadrenalism
Stress, severe infections, increased intracranial pressure

Question 17

Bile salts

Answer 17

Hay’s sulfur test

Sinking of sulfur
in the presence of bile salts

Question 18

Causes of bile salt in urine

Answer 18

extrahepatic stone

intrahepatic tumors or hepatitis
Leads to obstruction of bile duct

Question 19

Ketonuria

Answer 19

Rothera’s test cause violet color due to prescience of ketone bodies

Question 20

Ketonuria

Answer 20

Starvation
Prolonged vomiting
Diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 21

Difference between dry and
wet chemistry

Answer 21

Wet chemistry is the ordinary
chemical reaction that
occurs when a liquid reagent
and a sample are added to
a reaction vessel and mixed
Dry chemistry is the use of
strips impregnated with dry
reagents to which the
specimen is added

Question 22

increased levels of bilirubin in the urine may be due to

Answer 22

Biliary tract disease, including gallstones in the biliary tract
Cirrhosis, hepatitis, or other forms of liver disease
Tumors of the liver or gallbladder

Question 23

causes of blood in urine

Answer 23

Cancer of
the bladder
or kidney

Infection of
the bladder,
kidney,
prostate, or
urethra

Inflammatio
n of the
bladder,
urethra,
prostate, or
kidney glomerulon
nephritis
Injury to the
bladder or
kidney
Kidney or
bladder
stones