Specimen Collecting And Processing

Question 1

Types of samples and according to what

Answer 1

Blood sample
Urine sample
Stool and semen
Fluid sample as ascetic, pleural, amniotic and ascetic fluids
Swabs from wound, throat and eye
According to patients diagnosis

Question 2

Blood samples

Answer 2

Skin puncture
Venous puncture
Arterial puncture

Question 3

Technique for venous puncture

Answer 3

Equipment preparation, patients condition
Information record, patient reassurance
Positioning of paten,Vein Identification
Sterilization , withdrawal

Question 4

Equipment preparation

Answer 4

Need gloves, tourniquet, syringes, test tubes and alcohol swabs

Question 5

Patients condition

Answer 5

Some tests require fast as blood glucose, esr and uric acid for 6-8 hours
While lipid profile as tag,cholesterol, ldl, hdl , vldl requires fasting for 12-14 hours

Question 6

Information record

Answer 6

Labels must contain name, age , identification no and tests to be done

Question 7

Patient reassurance

Answer 7

Must gain patient confidence by saying although venous puncture might be slightly painful it is short perioded

Question 8

Patient position

Answer 8

Must be sitting comfortably with arm extended from shoulder and elbows should not be flexes
Or can take sample when patient lying on back

Question 9

Identify veins

Answer 9

Most commonly used median cubical vein
Sometimes median cephalon or basilic

Question 10

Sterilization

Answer 10

Apply tourniquet and sterilize site to be punctures for 30 seconds using 70% alcohol

Question 11

Withdrawal

Answer 11

Syring needle at 45 degrees and stretch skin at site of puncture
Tall part at bottom
Remove tourniquet and apply sterilized cotton ball at site of puncture before removing needle then press and pressurize cotton to stop bleeding

Question 12

Vacutainer system

Answer 12

Safely engineered multi blood sample needle that allow possibility of withdrawing multiple samples without possibility of needle stuck injury

Question 13

Arterial puncture

Answer 13

Syringes are pre heparinsed and minimize air expose
Most commonly see radial artery
Then brachial & femoral arteries

Question 14

Skin puncture

Answer 14

Fingers for adults or older children
Heels for infants and newly borns
Puncture dermis layer of skin to reach capillary bed which is ubcutaneous layer
Used to minimize blood drawn from patient and test for glucose blood level, anemia and thyroid levels

Question 15

Test tubes used in blood collection

Answer 15

Blue tube used for coagulation profile donating sodium citrate testing for pt, ptttand fibrinogen
Red tube is plain tube with no chemicals for test of hormone
Purple tube for cbc profile donating edits
Green tube contains heparin for arterial blood gas
Black tube for esr conatind sodium citrate
Gray tube contain fluoride for blood glucose

Question 16

Factors that the result of values

Answer 16

Age CBC, Liver & Kidney Functions
Gender Most differences are apparent only after sexual maturity
Daily Variations (cortisol levels and iron levels can differ by 50% or more
between 9 AM and 9 PM).
Diet occult (hidden) blood in stool specimens also detect similar
substances in meat and certain vegetables, special diet that free
of these foods must be followed for several days before the
specimen is collected

Question 17

Urine sample

Answer 17

First sample is concentrated so taken first thingbin the morning
So any rbcs, bacteria, pus or crystals are easily detected

Question 18

Types of urine sample

Answer 18

Random urine sample test for rbcs, pus, crystals and casts
Twenty four hour urine sample for protein, creatinine and via collection
Sterilized urine sample used for culture and sensitivity collected in a sterile tube

Question 19

Stool sample

Answer 19

Should be collected in a clean container and sent to lab within 2 hours of collection
Used to diagnose parasitic and protozoic infections
Occult blood in stool used to diagnose esophagitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer, colon cancer and inflammmatory bowels

Question 20

Sputum sample

Answer 20

Patient asked to give sample first thing in the morning and during fasting
Sample taken for tb examination and bacterial culture

Question 21

Bone marrow aspiration sample

Answer 21

From sternum in front of second and third costal
Anterior superior iliac spine
Diagnose diff types of blood cancer as leukemia, aplastic anemia and thrombocytopenia

Question 22

Csf

Answer 22

Cerebrospinal fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord
Fluid is watery, colorless and clear
Used to protect brain and sponal cord and collect waste products
Used to diagnose meningitis, encephalitis and bleeding
Aspirated from spinal fluid between lumbar vertebrae 3 and lumbar vertebrae 4 regions

Question 23

Swaps

Answer 23

Small iced of cotton wool is wrapped around wooden handle and used for microbiological culture and dna samples from inner cheek