Urination T4 Flashcards
Color
Expected:
pale yellow to deep amber
Variation:
color is light or clear due to high fluid intake
Color is darker due to fluid loss or decreased intake
Color is affected by diet and medications
pH
Normal:
5-9 with an average of 6
Variations:
pH is alkaline if client eats more dairy, citrus fruits, or is vegetarian
pH is acidic if client eats high protein or consumes cranberry juice
What does the pH indicate?
The kidneys ability to help maintain balanced hydrogen ion concentration in the blood
Specific Gravity
Normal:
1.002- 1.030
Variations:
SG raises with limited fluid intake, dehydration, and kidney disease
SG lowers with increase in fluid intake
What does specific gravity indicate?
The kidneys ability to concentrate the urine
Clarity
Normal:
Urine should be translucent on a fresh sample
Variations: Cloudiness of a fresh sample, this indicates - bacteria - RBC - WBC - Sperm or Vaginal discharge - prostatic fluid
Odor
Normal:
Urine has a scent
Variations:
Certain foods cause odor such as asparagus, onion, or garlic
Bacteria gives ammonia like smell
Sweet/syrup smell is from congenital metabolic disorder
Protein
Normal
<20mg per day
Variations: Protein increases with -diabetic nephropathy -glomeruloephritis -nephrosis -toxemia of pregnancy Benign proteinuria with -stress -exercise
What does protein in urine indicate?
Renal failure
Glucose
Normal:
None
Variations:
Glucose present with elevated blood sugar and diabetes
Keystones
Normal:
None
Variations: Commonly found with -diabetes -fever -fasting/ starvation -high protein diet -vomiting -Post anesthesia
What do keytones in urine indicate
Impaired carbohydrate metabolism
Hemoglobin
Normal:
Negative on dipstick
<5 on microscopic exam
Variations: Infection may be present Bladder disease Trauma Glomeruloneohritis Pyelonephritis Nephrolithiasis
Bilirubin
Normal
None
Variations:
Increased levels
What does bilirubin indicate
Liver disease
Urobilinogen
Normal
Up to 1mg/dL
Variation Increased with -Cirrhosis -Heart failure -Liver disease -Malaria -Anemia -infectious mononucleosis
Nitrite
Normal
None
Variations
Increased with
-bacteriuria
-presence of nitrite-forming bacteria
Leukocyte Esterase
Normal:
Negative
<5 WBC on microscopic exam
Variations: Increased with -bacteria -calculus formation -fungal or parasitic infection
Renal Cells
Normal:
None
Variations:
Presence indicates damage to tubular network
Transitional Cells
Normal:
None
Variations:
Seen with infection, malignancy, and trauma
Where are renal cells found?
The lining of collection ducts
Where are transitional cells found?
Line the bladder, ureter, pelvis, and proximal urethra
Squamous Cells
Normal:
None
Variations:
If found typically in significant
Where are squamous cells found?
Vagina and distal urethra
