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Adaptations > Urination T4 > Flashcards

Urination T4 Flashcards

1
Q

Color

A

Expected:
pale yellow to deep amber
Variation:
color is light or clear due to high fluid intake
Color is darker due to fluid loss or decreased intake
Color is affected by diet and medications

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2
Q

pH

A

Normal:
5-9 with an average of 6

Variations:
pH is alkaline if client eats more dairy, citrus fruits, or is vegetarian
pH is acidic if client eats high protein or consumes cranberry juice

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3
Q

What does the pH indicate?

A

The kidneys ability to help maintain balanced hydrogen ion concentration in the blood

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4
Q

Specific Gravity

A

Normal:
1.002- 1.030

Variations:
SG raises with limited fluid intake, dehydration, and kidney disease
SG lowers with increase in fluid intake

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5
Q

What does specific gravity indicate?

A

The kidneys ability to concentrate the urine

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6
Q

Clarity

A

Normal:
Urine should be translucent on a fresh sample

Variations:
Cloudiness of a fresh sample, this indicates
- bacteria
- RBC
- WBC
- Sperm or Vaginal discharge
- prostatic fluid
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7
Q

Odor

A

Normal:
Urine has a scent

Variations:
Certain foods cause odor such as asparagus, onion, or garlic
Bacteria gives ammonia like smell
Sweet/syrup smell is from congenital metabolic disorder

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8
Q

Protein

A

Normal
<20mg per day

Variations:
Protein increases with 
-diabetic nephropathy
-glomeruloephritis
-nephrosis
-toxemia of pregnancy
Benign proteinuria with
-stress
-exercise
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9
Q

What does protein in urine indicate?

A

Renal failure

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10
Q

Glucose

A

Normal:
None

Variations:
Glucose present with elevated blood sugar and diabetes

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11
Q

Keystones

A

Normal:
None

Variations:
Commonly found with
-diabetes
-fever
-fasting/ starvation
-high protein diet
-vomiting
-Post anesthesia
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12
Q

What do keytones in urine indicate

A

Impaired carbohydrate metabolism

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Normal:
Negative on dipstick
<5 on microscopic exam

Variations:
Infection may be present 
Bladder disease
Trauma
Glomeruloneohritis
Pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
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14
Q

Bilirubin

A

Normal
None

Variations:
Increased levels

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15
Q

What does bilirubin indicate

A

Liver disease

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16
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Normal
Up to 1mg/dL

Variation
Increased with
-Cirrhosis 
-Heart failure
-Liver disease
-Malaria
-Anemia
-infectious mononucleosis
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17
Q

Nitrite

A

Normal
None

Variations
Increased with
-bacteriuria
-presence of nitrite-forming bacteria

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18
Q

Leukocyte Esterase

A

Normal:
Negative
<5 WBC on microscopic exam

Variations:
Increased with 
-bacteria 
-calculus formation 
-fungal or parasitic infection
19
Q

Renal Cells

A

Normal:
None

Variations:
Presence indicates damage to tubular network

20
Q

Transitional Cells

A

Normal:
None

Variations:
Seen with infection, malignancy, and trauma

21
Q

Where are renal cells found?

A

The lining of collection ducts

22
Q

Where are transitional cells found?

A

Line the bladder, ureter, pelvis, and proximal urethra

23
Q

Squamous Cells

A

Normal:
None

Variations:
If found typically in significant

24
Q

Where are squamous cells found?

A

Vagina and distal urethra

25
Q

Normal BUN level

A

8-20 mg/dL

26
Q

Normal Creatine Level

A

0.5-1.1 mg/dL

27
Q

How much using do kidneys produce per hour

A

50-60 mL

28
Q

Urinary Diversions

A

Ureterostomy (ideal conduit)
Nephrostomy
Kock pouch
Neobladder

29
Q

Ureterostomy

A

Attachment of one or both ureters to the abdominal wall via a stoma

30
Q

Nephrostomy

A

Attachment of a tube from the renal pelvis to the abdominal wall

31
Q

Kock pouch

A

Used for a continent patient, the ilium is turned to a reservoir
Emptied every 3 hours by straight cath

32
Q

Neobladder

A

Attachment of ureters and urethra to urethra forming a new bladder
To void patient uses abdominal muscles

33
Q

When do children achieve full bladder control

A

Age 4-5

34
Q

What is a bedside sonogram with bladder scan

A

Noninvasive ultrasound measuring bladder volume and residual volume after voiding

35
Q

Intravenous pyelogram

A

Injection of iodine to view urinary tract

36
Q

Cystoscopy

A

Use of lighted instrument to view treat and obtain specimens from urethra and bladder

37
Q

Urodynamic testing

A

Tests bladder muscle function by filling bladder with air or saline

38
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Loss of small amounts of urine during something strenuous

39
Q

Urge incontinence

A

Sudden urge to void or inability to stop urine flow to reach a toilet

40
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Overdistention and frequent loss of small amounts due to obstruction or impaired detrusor muscle

41
Q

Reflex incontinence

A 
Involuntary loss of moderate amount of urine without warning
Caused by impaired CNS
-stroke
-MS
-spinal cord lesion
42
Q

Functional incontinence

A

Loss of urine due to factor that interfere with responding to the need to void

  • cognitive
  • mobility
  • environmental barriers
43
Q

Transient Incontinence

A

Reversible incontinence due to

  • UTI
  • temporary cognitive impairment
  • hyperglycemia
  • medications
44
Q

How much water should a person drink per day

A

2-3 Liters

Men should drink 3 or more

Adaptations (6 decks)

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