Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine for Engineers Part 2 > Urinary Systems - Most important > Flashcards

Urinary Systems - Most important Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys - What do they do?

A

Function of the kidneys

  • Regulation of blood ionic composition
  • Regulation of blood volume
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Regulation of red blood cell production
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain to different ways of purifying the blood in case of renal failure.

A
  • Hemodialysis
  • CAPD - continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Dialysis is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally. It achieves the removal of waste products such as creatinine and urea and free water from the blood when the kidneys are in a state of renal failure.

There are two kinds of dialysis. In hemodialysis, blood is pumped out of your body to an artificial kidney machine, and returned to your body by tubes that connect you to the machine. In peritoneal dialysis, CAPD, the inside lining of your own belly acts as a natural filter. Wastes are taken out by means of a cleansing fluid called dialysate, which is washed in and out of your belly in cycles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name three Fluid compartments in the human body.

A

Fluid compartments

  • Plasma
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Intracellular fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Buffers - what do they do?

A

Buffer systems

  • Act quickly to temporarily bind H+
  • Prevent rapid, drastic changes in the pH of body fluids.

There are three principal buffer systems:

  • The protein buffer system
  • The carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system
  • The phosphate buffer system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the Protein Buffer System.

A

Protein Buffer System

  • Proteins are composed of amino acids and contain at least one carboxyl group (-COOH) and at least one amino group (-NH2 ).
  • The carboxyl group releases H+ when pH rises. H+ is then able to react with any excess OH- in the solution to form H2O.
  • On a fall in pH the amino group combines with H+ forming the NH3+ - group.
  • HENCE, PROTEINS CAN BUFFER ACIDS AS WELL AS BASES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which are the main proteins in the protein buffer system?

A

In red blood cells - HEMOGLOBIN

In plasma - ALBUMIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system.

A

The carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system.

On H+ excess (low pH):
H+ + HCO3- => H2CO3

And, conversely, when pH rises:

H2CO3 => H+ + HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the phosphate buffer system.

A

The phosphate buffer system.

On buffering a strong base:

H2PO4- + OH- => HPO42- + H2O

On buffering a strong acid :

HPO42- + H+ => H2PO4-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain different types of Acidosis.

A

Acidosis

  • Arterial blood pH below 7.35
  • Respiratory acidosis - for example in pulmonary insufficiens or ventilatory arrest
  • Metabolic acidosis - for example diabetic ketoacidosis, renal insufficiens and certain specific intoxications (ASA, salmiak)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain different types of Alkalosis.

A

Alkalosis

  • Arterial blood pH above 7.45
  • Respiratory alkalosis - for example in hyperventilation
  • Metabolic alkalosis - increased bicarbonate in serum. May be caused by vomiting and excessive intake of diuretic drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain Respiratory compensation.

A

Respiratory compensation

  • On a decrease in pH, due to metabolic causes, hyperventilation may correct the acid-base imbalance
  • Conversely, on an increase in pH, due to metabolic causes, hypoventilation will bring pH back toward the normal range.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain Metabolic compensation.

A

Metabolic compensation

  • On a decrease in pH, due to respiratory distress, renal compensation - changes in secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- may correct the acid-base imbalance.
  • Conversely, on an increase in pH, due to hyperventilation, renal compensation will bring pH back toward the normal range.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the male sexual hormone (testosterone)?

A

Testosterone

  • Derived from a steroid structure
  • Many strange and important hormones are involved
  • Midbrain (hypothalamus) → the pituitary gland → the testicles → testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells
  • Testosterone acts on many target organs all over the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What organs to the testosterone acts on?

A
  • The muscles
  • Fatty tissue
  • The skeleton
  • Psychological functions of the brain
  • Erythropoesis
  • Hair glands
  • Male genitalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name different treatments of erectile dysfunction.

A
  • Pubic ring, vacuum pump
  • Viagra® Cialis® Levitra®
  • Uprima®
  • Bondil®
  • Vitaros®
  • Caverject®
  • Sexual advising (sensuality training, treatment of ejaculatio praecox/retarda)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are common symptomes of Kidney stone disease?

A

Kidney stone disease

  • Pain, sometimes unbearable, often radiating towards the groin, the thigh and the genitals
  • Hematuria
  • Nausea and vomiting
17
Q

Name different treatmens for Kidney stone disease

A

Treatments Kidney stone disease

  • No treatment at all
  • Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
  • Chemical treatment
  • Ureteroscopy with fragmentation of the stone
  • Percutaneous stone extraction
  • Open surgical removal of the stone
18
Q

How do you diagnose Prostate cancer?

A
  • PSA – what it is and what it does
    • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), is a glycoproteinenzyme and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. PSA is produced for the ejaculate, where it liquefies semen in the seminal coagulum and allows sperm to swim freely. PSA is present in small quantities in the serum of men with healthy prostates, but is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer or other prostate disorders.
  • Digital rectal examination
  • Transrectal ultrasound with biopsy
19
Q

Name different treatments of Prostate Cancer with curative intent.

A

Treatments Prostate Cancer

  • Removal of the entire prostate – a so called radical prostatectomy
  • External beam radiation
  • Inner radiation therapy - Brachytherapy
20
Q

Different treatments of incurable prostate cancer.

A

Treatments incurable prostate cancer

  • Surgical castration by removing the testicles
  • Chemical castration by injecting a GnRH-analogue
  • Other kinds of hormonal manipulation
  • No treatment at all
21
Q

Treatments of Overactive bladder.

A

Treatments of Overactive bladder.

  • Behavioural therapy
  • Adjusted fluid intake
  • Pharmacological treatment
  • Electrical stimulation
  • Surgical reconstruction
22
Q

Explain Hematuria.

A

Hematuria – a VERY important symptom!

  • Hematuria means blood in the urine and the underlying reasons include cancer disease of the upper or the lower urinary tract
  • Microhematuria can not be seen but is detectable microskopically or via a dip-slide
  • Frank hematuria is visible by the human eye
  • Microhematuria does not warrant investigation
  • Frank hematuria necessitates prompt and full investigation with cystoscopy and contrast enhanced computed tomography of the kidneys
23
Q

What are the following steps once Frank hematuria has occured?

A

Frank (macroscopic hematuria)

Frank hematuria necessitates full investigation with cytoscopy and contrast enhanced CT of the kidneys.

24
Q

What is the relation between solid and fluids of total body mass?

A

40-45 % solid vs 55-60 % fluids (higher-male/lower-female)

25
Q

What is the relation of intracellular vs extracellular fluids in the human body?

A

Intracellular 67 % (2/3) vs Extracellular 33 % (1/3).

26
Q
A

Medicine for Engineers Part 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions