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Medicine for Engineers Part 2 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

List the overall anatomy of the Central Nervous System (4).

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Brain stem
    • Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
    • Pons (Bridge)
    • Medulla oblongata
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Medulla spinalis (spinal cord)
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2
Q

What are the main functions of the cortex?

A

Intellectual functions

Strategic thinking

Interpretation

Judgement

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3
Q

What are the the main functions of the limbic systems?

A

Emotional impulses

Feelings

Memories

Ability to learn

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4
Q

What are the main functions of the brain stem?

A

Instincts

Basic vital functions

Autonomic functions

Reactions

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the spinal cord

A

Connections

Reflexes

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6
Q

Describe the development of a Neural Tube.

A

Neural Plate - neural fold - neural tube

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7
Q

Explain Hydranencephaly.

A

(Hydro = Water)

(Encephalon = Brain)

Condition where the cerebral hemispheres are to different degrees absent and the remaining cranial cavity is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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8
Q

Explain Encephalocele.

A

(-cele=herniation)

Encephalocele is a neural tube defect characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull. These defects are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development.

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9
Q

Explain Myelomeningocele (MMC).

A

Myelomeningocele (ryggmärgsbråck).

(Myelo=medulla)

(Meningo=the meninges)

Myelomeningocele is a birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth.

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10
Q

List the four major parts of the encephalon.

A

Encephalon (Brain)

  1. Brain stem
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Cerebrum
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11
Q

Explain Sagittal plane.

A
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12
Q

Explain the terms Sulcus and Gyrus.

A
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13
Q

Average weight of an adult brain?

A

1400 g.

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14
Q

In general, list general qualities assigned to the right hemisphere.

A

Right hemisphere - Holistic Thinking Mode

  • Emotional expression
  • Spatial awareness
  • Music
  • Creativity
  • Imagination
  • Dimension
  • Gestalt (whole picture)
  • Left hand control
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15
Q

In general, list general qualities assigned to the left hemisphere.

A

Left hemisphere - Linear thinking mode

  • Writing
  • Language
  • Scientific skills
  • Mathematics
  • Lists
  • Logic
  • Right hand control
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16
Q

Name the major regions of the Diencephalon.

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pineal gland
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17
Q

Name the three regions of brain stem.

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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18
Q

Describe the overall anatomy of the Cerebrum.

A

Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.

  1. Cerebral cortex - outer rim of the grey matter
  2. Basal ganglia - grey matter deep within each hemisphere
  3. Limbic system
  4. Diencephalon
  5. White Matter
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19
Q

Explain the Cortex cerebri.

A

Cortex cerebri is the grey outer rim of the cerebrum. Consists of 20 billions neurons and is about 3 mm thick.

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20
Q

Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
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21
Q

Where is the Central sulcus located?

A

The Central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

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22
Q

Where is the Lateral sulcus located?

A
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23
Q

Where is the Parietoocciptal sulcus located?

A
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24
Q

Name four important areas in the frontal lobe.

A
  1. Prefrontal cortex
  2. Premotor cortex
  3. Primary motorcortex
  4. Broca’s area
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25
Q

Explain Primary motorcortex.

A
  • Located in the Frontal lobe
  • Origin of descending motor pathways – corticospinal or pyramidal tract
  • Voluntary movements
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26
Q

Explain the functions of the lateral and anterior corticospinal.

A

Two major tracts that conduct
nerve impulses from upper motor neurons in the
cerebral cortex.

The axons of upper motor
neurons from one cerebral hemisphere cross over and
synapse with lower motor neurons in the other side of
the spinal cord.

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27
Q

Explain Homunculus of the Primary motor cortex.

A
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28
Q

Explain Homunculus of the Primary somatosensory cortex.

A
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29
Q

Injury to motor cortex or corticospinal tract can lead to:

A
  1. Paresis!
  2. Tumor
  3. Stroke
30
Q

Explain the main functions of the Prefrontal cortex.

A
  1. Personality
  2. Insight
  3. Foresight

Assocation cortex

Large areas of the cortex cannot functionally be classified a simple function as motor or visual areas. In many of these areas diffuse functions are found, e.g., abstract thinking.

31
Q

Describe different frontal lobe symptoms.

A
  • Scenario 1: No internal brake, actions without responsibility, manic, egocentric
  • Scenario 2: Decrease in energy, no initiative, unable to plan, do not care
  • Scenario 3: Affected consciousness, affected memory, desorientation, confabulation.
32
Q

Explain the Broca’s area.

A

Motor area of the brain in the (left) frontal lobe that translates thoughts into speech. Also called the motor speech area.

33
Q

Explain Motoric Aphasia and which area of the cortex which may be injured.

A

Injury to the left frontal lobe (Broca’s area) may result in affected motoric language.

Aphasia

Loss of ability to express oneself properly through speech or loss of verbal comprehension.

34
Q

Explain Wernicke’s area.

A

Wernicke’s area, a broad region in the left temporal and parietal lobes, interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words. It is active as you translate words into thoughts.

35
Q

What is sensoric aphasia and what area of the cortex has been injured?

A

Sensoric aphasia occurs to injuries in the Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe.

Sympots is that speech can be fluent but with no or little meaning. The patient do not understand speech or text. The patient often does not understand his limitations (lack insight).

Aphasia

Loss of ability to express oneself properly through speech or loss of verbal comprehension.

36
Q

Which functions are associated with the Temporal lobe.

A
  • Language
  • Learning
  • Memory
  • Auditary cortex
  • Part of limbic system
37
Q

Briefly explain Herpes encephalitis and its symptoms.

A

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a viral infection of the brain that commonly begins at the temporal lobes.

Symptoms: Typically, it begins with ‘flu-like’ symptoms followed by neurological deterioration, which may include personality and behavioural changes, seizures, weakness and difficulties in communication. If untreated it may lead to progressive impairment of consciousness, coma and death.

38
Q

Briefly explain Temporal mesial sclerosis and its symptoms.

A

Mesial temporal sclerosis (scarring in the inner portions of the temporal lobe) may be caused by oxygen starvation to the brain, head trauma, or brain infection, but can also occur without an apparent cause.

Over time, neurons die and scar tissue tends to form within the hippocampus and amygdala (areas in the temporal lobe responsible for emotions and short-term memory).

Mesial temporal sclerosis (also known as hippocampal sclerosis) can cause a form of temporal lobe epilepsy with partial (focus) seizures that can spread or secondarily generalize and affect other areas of the brain.

39
Q

Explain Temporal lobe resection.

A

A temporal lobe resection is a surgery performed on the brain to control seizures. In this procedure, brain tissue in the temporal lobe is resected, or cut away, to remove the seizure focus. The anterior (front) and mesial (deep middle) portions of the temporal lobe are the areas most often involved.

40
Q

At which lobe does typically Herpes encephalitis occurs?

A

Temporal lobe.

41
Q

Which functions are associated with the Parietal lobe.

A
  1. Sensory cortex - sensory perception
  2. Language (Part of Wernicke area)
  3. Spatial orientation and perception
42
Q

Which three syndromes are associated with the Parietal lobe?

A
  1. Neglect
  2. Gerstmann syndrome
  3. Apraxia
43
Q

Where is the sensory cortex located?

A

In the parietal lobe.

44
Q

Case report: What is the diagnose?

63 years old he experienced

  • decreased sensibility in left hand
  • problems with left leg
  • not able to play the violin, paresis of finger of left hand
A
  • CAT-scan of the brain shows infarction in right hemisphere
  • NEGLECT
  • => Injury to the Parietal lobe
45
Q

List different types of neglect.

A
  1. Spatial neglect – environment
  2. Neglect of memory and knowledge
  3. Neglect of the patient´s own body
  4. Affected awareness of time
46
Q

List Gerstmann’s syndrome.

A
  1. Alexia - affected reading
  2. Agraphia – affected writing
  3. Acalculia – affected calculation ability
  4. Right-left-confusion
  5. Finger agnosia
  6. Left-sided lesion
47
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

Loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements.

Parietal lobe syndrome.

Ask the patient to show how to use a key, light a match or how to shave. These simple practical actions.

Some patient – OK in the right environment. Other patients will have problems with the ADL (activities of daily life).

48
Q

Which function is associated with the Occipital lobe?

A

Vision (Visual cortex)

49
Q

Name to conditions associated with the Occipital lobe?

A
  1. Cortical Blindeness
    • Stroke
    • Trauma
  2. Anton Babinski Syndrome
    • Denial of blindeness
50
Q

Name the main parts of the Cerebrum.

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
    • Outer rim of the grey matter
  2. Basal ganglia
    • Grey matter deep within each hemisphere
  3. Limbic system
  4. Diencephalon
  5. White matter
51
Q

Explain the Basal ganglia.

A

Basal ganglia - Motor control

Nucleus (grey matter) involved in movements. Also called the extra-pyramid system.

52
Q

Name three diseases that affects the basal ganglia.

A
  1. Parkinson
  2. Huntingtons chorea
  3. Hemiballismus
53
Q

Name three symptoms of Parkinsons disease.

A
  1. Akinesia
  2. Tremor
  3. Rigidity
54
Q

Name three main parts of the Diencephalon.

A

Diencephalon - barely visible from the exterior of the brain.

  1. Thalamus - egg-shaped structure
  2. Hypothalamus - grey matter, wall of 3rd ventricle. Hypophysis.
  3. Pineal gland
55
Q

Describe the Thalamus.

A

Thalamus (Located in the Diencephalon)

  1. Connections of both motoric and sensoric tracts between cerebrum and medulla spinalis.
  2. Transfers signals from the formatio reticularis to cerebral cortex.
  3. Tranfers signals between different parts of the limbic system.
56
Q

Explain the Pineal gland.

A

An endocrine gland, in some reptiles – third eye. Contains melatonin.

57
Q

Name symptoms of Thalamic syndrome.

A

Thalamic syndrome - caused by Thalamic stroke

  1. Thalamic pain
  2. Hemianesthesia
  3. Sensory ataxia
  4. (Stroke) often combined with paresis.
58
Q

Explain the Hypothalamus.

A

Hypothalamus.

Important for inner mileu of the body. Control of circulation and temperature. Basal function for survival - thirst, hunger, sleep, parts of sexual behavior.

Axons connect to many parts of the CNS and also controls the pituitary gland.

  • Thyroid hormones
  • Sex hormones
  • Lactation
  • Cortisol
59
Q

Explain the functions of the Limbic system.

A
  1. Emotions and memory
  2. Numerous connections
  3. Olfaction
60
Q

What is the consequence of bilateral lesion to hippocampus?

A

Inability to form new memories.

61
Q

What are some symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome is due to a bilateral lesion of amygdala which may be caused by neurosurgery or infection

Symptoms:

  1. Fearless
  2. Hyperorality
  3. Hypersexuality
62
Q

Describe three types of tracts concerning the white matter.

A

White matter

Tracts

a. Projection tracts – between different levels in the CNS.
b. Commisure tracts – between the hemisphere.
c. Association tracts – tracts within a hemisphere.

63
Q

What is the Corpus callosum?

A

The corpus callosum, also known as the callosal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers about 10 cm long beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200–250 million contralateral axonal projections.

64
Q

What is the Internal capsule?

A

Internal capsule

Motor and sensory pathway

65
Q

Describe the Mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain. Containing fibers to and from cerebrum. Colliculi - important parts in visual and auditory pathways.

66
Q

Explain the Brainstem.

A

Brainstem

Descending/ascending pathways. A large number of axons to and from the brain is passing through this part of the brain.

Cerebrum – cerebellum – spinal cord

Formatio reticularis - centre for

  • consciousness
  • control of breathing and heart rate
  • pattern generators for swallowing, sneezing
67
Q

Explain the Cerebellum.

A

Cerebellum

Divided in 2 hemispheres and one part between – vermis. Grey matter at the cortex and deeper in the white matter.

Involved in coordination of eye-, trunc and head-movements using signals from the ear (balance organ).

Helps to maintain posture and balance.

Takes part in fine motoric movements of the arms and hands and trained fast and complicated movements.

COMPARATOR!

68
Q

Disease in the pyramidal tract:

69
Q

Diseases in the cerebellum leads to:

A
  • Tremor
  • Affected balance
  • Problem to ”hit the target”.
70
Q

Diseases in the basal ganglia leads to:

A
  • Movement disorders
  • Amplitude and velocity affected
  • Dyskinesia
  • E.g. Parkinson´s disease and Huntington´s chorea.

Medicine for Engineers Part 2 (11 decks)

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