Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the functions of Bones.

A

Bone function

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Assist in movements
  • Mineral homeostasis
  • Blood cell production
    • Homepoiesis in red bone marrow
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2
Q

Explain the structure of long bones.

A

Long bones

  • Parts of a long bone
    • Diaphysis: Shaft of long bone; made up mostly of compact bone
    • Epiphysis: Broad end of long bone; mostly spongy bone
    • Metaphysis: Growth area between Diaphysis and Epiphysis
    • Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage at joint.
    • Periosteum: Fibrous covering over most of bone
    • Medullary cavity: (Marrow) with fat and blood cells
    • Endosteum: Membrane lining medullary cavity
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3
Q

Explain the microscopic structure of bone.

A

Microscopic Structure of Bone

  • Matrix
    • 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, 50% mineral salts
  • Cells
    • Osteogenic cells in periosteum ->
    • Osteoblasts
      • Secrete collagen fibers
      • Build matrix and become trapped in lacunae
      • Become ->
    • Osteocytes that maintain bone
    • Osteoclasts are formed from monocytes
      • Digest bone matrix for normal bone turnover
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4
Q

Which cells are found in bone tissue?

A

Cells in bone tissue

  1. Osteogenic cell
  2. Osteoblast
  3. Osteocyte
  4. Osteoclast
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5
Q

Explain the Compact bone structure.

A

Compact Bone Structure

  • Canaliculi (“little canals”)
    • Contain extensions of osteocytes
    • Permit flow of ECF between central canal and lacunae
  • Compact bone is covered by Periosteum
  • Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
    • Carry blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves from Periosteum
    • They supply central (Haversian) canals and also bone marrow
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6
Q

Explain the structure of Spongy bone.

A

Spongy bone

  • Not arranged in osteons
  • Irregular latticework of trabeculae
    • These contain lacunae with osteocytes and canaliculi
  • Spaces between trabeculae may contain red bone marrow
  • Spongy bone is lighter than compact bone, so reduces weight of skeleton
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7
Q

Explain Ossification

A

Bone formation

  • Known as ossification
  • Timeline
    • Initial bone development in embryo and fetus
    • Growth of bone into adulthood
    • Remodeling: Replacement of bone
    • Repair if fractures occur
  • Mesenchyme (early connective tissue) model
    • This initial “skeleton” model will be replaced by bone tissue beginning at 6 weeks of embyronic life
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8
Q

Explain Growth in Length.

A

Growth in Length.

  • Chondrocytes divide and grow more cartilage on epiphysal side of the epiphyseal plate
  • Chondrocytes on the diaphyseal side die and are replaced by bone
  • Therefore bone grows from the diaphyseal side towards epiphyseal side
  • Growth in length stops between 18-25 years; cartilage in epiphyseal plate is completely replaced by bone (epiphyseal line).
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9
Q

Bones of skull (anterior).

A

Bones of skull (anterior view).

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10
Q

Bones of Skull right lateral view.

A

Bones of Skull right lateral view.

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11
Q

Explain the functions of the Vertebrae.

A

Vertebrae - Functions

  • Encloses spinal cord
  • Supports head
  • Point of attachement for muscles of back, ribs and pelvic girdle
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12
Q

List the regions of the Vertebrae

A

Vertebrae - Regions

  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
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13
Q

What is Disc herniation?

A

Disc herniation

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14
Q

Where are the Sacrum and Coccyx located?

A

Sacrum and Coccyx

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15
Q

Skeletal structure of Thorax.

A

Skeletal structure of Thorax.

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16
Q

Where are Right Ulna and Radius located?

A

Right Ulna and Radius

17
Q

Where is Right Femur located?

A

Right Femur

18
Q

Explain different types of fractures.

A

Types of Fractures

  • Partial: Incomplete break (crack)
  • Complete: bone broken in two or more pieces
  • Closed (simple): not through skin
  • Open (compound): broken ends break skin
19
Q

Explain Remodeling and Repair.

A

Remodelin and Repair.

  • Remodeling in response to use
    • Resorption by osteoclasts and
    • Deposition by osteoblasts
  • Repair after fracture
    • Dead tissue removed
    • Chondroblasts -> fibrocartilage -> spongy bone deposited by osteoblasts -> remodeled to compact bone
20
Q

Treatment of Fractures?

A

Treatment of Fractures

  • Conservative
  • Surgical - oestosynthesis
    • Plates
    • Screws
    • Nails
    • Ex-fix
21
Q

Which is the standard treatment of Fractures?

A

Treatment Fractures

  • Standard=conservative (children!)
    • Reduction of bone ends
    • Immobilisation in a plaster cast including joints above and below the fracture
    • Time to heal!
  • Traction
22
Q

Explain the Negative Feedback Loop in bone remodeling.

A

Negative Feedback Loop

  • Blood levels of Ca2+ controlled
  • Negative feedback loops
  • Parathyroid hormones (PTH) -> increases osteoclast activity + decreases loss of Ca2+ in urine
  • Calcitonin -> decreases osteoclast activity
23
Q

What are the effect of Exercise on Bone tissue?

A

Exercise and Bone tissue

  • Bone strengthened in response to use
  • Bone reabsorbed during disuse;
    • During prolonged bed rest
    • Fracture with cast/immobiliser
    • Astronauts without gravity
24
Q

How does aging effect the skeletal system?

A

Aging and skeletal system

  • Birth through adolescence: more bone formed than lost
  • Young adults: gain and loss about equal
  • As levels of sex steroids decline with age:
    bone resorption > bone formation
  • Bones become brittle and lose calcium

Osteoporosis = Disease where decreased bone strength increase the risk of fracture. More common amongst elderly.

25
Q
A