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Histology - Junqueira's > Urinary System II > Flashcards

Urinary System II Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid filtered from the capillary blood into the bowman’s space and forms the primary urine

A

Filtrate

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2
Q

3 layers of the glomerular flitration membrane capillary wall

A

1) endothelium - with fenestrae
2) basement membrane
3) epithelial podocytes

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3
Q

Allows the fast movement of water through the epithelium of endothelial cells in the glomerular capillaries

A

Aquaporin 1 water channel

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4
Q

Principal component of filtration barrier - acts as a physical barrier and ion selective barrier

A

Glomerular Basement Membrane

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5
Q

Glomerular basement layers

A
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6
Q

Footlike extensions with filtration slits between extensions

specialized epithelium of visceral layer

A

Podocytes

composed of proteins: nephrin, CD2-associated protein, and podocin

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7
Q

Mutations in the glomerular podocytes can cause

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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8
Q

Glomerular Filtration Membrane:

(1) prevents the passage of large protein molecules
(2) prevents the passage of RBCs & WBCs
(3) prevents the passage of medium sized proteins

A

(1) glomerular basement membrane
(2) endothelium of glomerulus
(3) podocytes

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9
Q

Acts as the physical filter of the glomerular basement membrane

A

lamina densa

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10
Q

Act as the charge barrier of the glomerular basement membrane

via anionic sites

A

laminae rarae

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11
Q

Fate of filtration

A
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12
Q

Flat cells with fine cytoplasmic processes - controls glomerular blood flow

forms part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

mesangial cells

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13
Q

Mesangial cells with their extracellular matrix

also attached to the capillaries and glomerulus

A

Mesangium

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14
Q

Mesangial cells located outside the corpuscle along the vascular pole

A

Lacis cells

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15
Q

3 cellular components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

1) macula densa
2) extraglomerular mesangial cells
3) juxtaglomerular cells or granular cells

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16
Q

Specialized smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole which contains renin in secretory granules

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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17
Q

Location of the macula densa

A

terminal distal straight tubule adjacent to renal corpuscle

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18
Q

Site of blood pressure regulation via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system

Located at the vascular pole of Bowman’s capsule

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Cells act as baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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19
Q

(1) Has chemical composition similar to that of blood plasma but contains almost no proteins

(2) contains water, electrolytes as well as waste products (urea, uric acid, creatinine) and breakdown products of various substances

A

(1) primary urine - ultrafiltrate
(2) final urine

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20
Q

Determine which kidney tubule, given the function

1) reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate
2) reabsorbs Na and Cl from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
3) filters small solutes from the blood
4) selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance
5) aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
6) reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients; removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH

A

1) collecting duct
2) ascending loop of Henle
3) glomerulus
4) distal convoluted tubule
5) descending loop of Henle
6) proximal convoluted tubule

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21
Q

Urine formation process

A

1) filtration
2) reabsorption
3) secretion

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22
Q

Cells of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelium w/ eosinophilic granular cytoplasm

Have microvilli on their luminal surface

actively reabsorbs from the filtrate, reabsorption of 60-65% of the water via osmosis

23
Q

Initial and major site of reabsorption

  • reabsorbs nearly all glucose, amino acids, and polypeptides
  • proteins and polypeptides are endocytosed
  • recovers most of the fluid from the ultrafiltrate of blood
A

Proximal convoluted tubule

24
Q

Maintains the adhesion between neighboring cells at the proximal convoluted tubules

A

tight narrow junctions and zona adherens

25
Q

Thin segment of the loop of Henle epithelium

A

flattened squamous epithelium

no capacity for active transport

26
Q

allows free diffusion of water but is impermeable to NaCl

A

Thin descending limb of LOH

Highly permeable to water due to presence of aquaporins; less permeable to Na and urea

27
Q

allows passive diffusion of NaCl into the interstitium; impermeable to water

via Na/K, Cl cotransporters

A

Thin ascending limb of LOH

28
Q

take up water from the medullary interstitium and return it to the general circulation

A

Vasa recta

29
Q

4 types of epithelial cells - thin limb

A
30
Q

Active transport of NaCl from cell to lumen; impermeable to water due to thick glycocalyx

appear as cuboidal epitehlium

Glycocalx composed of glycoprotein tamm-horsfall protein

A

Thick ascending limb - distal straight tubule

31
Q

Secretes potassium ions, hydrogen ions and ammonium; reabsorbs sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions, and water (at the influence of aldosterone & ADH)

converts ammonia to ammonium ion

A

Distal convoluted tubule

32
Q

Histology of the Distal convoluted tubule

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium with out brush border
  • cell nucleus at apical border
  • lumen is larger than proximal convoluted tubule
  • paler cytoplasm

adjacent to the afferent arteriole

33
Q

Drain urine from nephron to renal pelvis

A

Collecting tubule and duct

34
Q

Epithelium of collecting tubule and duct

A

squamous to cuboidal simple epithelium

35
Q

Types of cells in the collecting ducts

A

1) light cells
2) dark cells

36
Q

Cells of the collecting duct

posses abundance of ADH regulated water channels - responsible for water permeability of collecting duct

A

Light cells or collecting duct cells

pale staining, short microvilli with single primary cilium

37
Q

Cells of the collecting duct

Principal cells of the system

A

Light cells

38
Q

Secretes hydrogen ions and bicarbonate

A

dark cells or intercalated (IC) cells

39
Q

Blood supply to the kidney

A
40
Q

(True/False)

The efferent arteriole carries oxygenated blood

A

True

41
Q

These capillary networks are responsible for the actual exchange of gasses and nutrients

A

Vasa recta

42
Q

Capillaries in the cortex

A

Peritubular capillaries

43
Q

Innervation of the kidney

A

Renal plexus

44
Q

Long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

25 cm in length

A

Ureters

45
Q

Ureter wall histology

A

1) mucosa - transitional epithelium on lamina propria
2) muscularis externa
3) adventitia

46
Q

Glands at the ureter’s lamina propria

A

tubular mucus glands

47
Q

Muscularix externa of the ureter

A
  • upper - inner longitudinal and outer circular
  • lower - innermost longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal
48
Q

(True/False)

The urinary bladder is oval shaped when filled with urine and shaped like an upside-down pyramid when empty

A

True

49
Q

Functions as a funnel and directs urine to urethra

A

Trigone

50
Q

2 urethral sphincter

A

1) internal urethral sphincter - smooth muscle
2) external urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle

51
Q

Superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the bladder - where urethra originates

A

internal urethral sphincter

52
Q

Urethral mucosa

A

Transitional epithelium that transitions to stratified squamous at external urethral orifice

Houses mucin producing urethral glands

53
Q

Have cavernous tissue spaces that are typical of erectile tissue

A

urethral submucosa

54
Q

urethral muscularis layer

A
  • inner longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal

smooth muscle that later transitions to skeletal distally

Histology - Junqueira's (7 decks)

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