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Histology - Junqueira's > Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Liver weight

A

1,500g or 2.5% of adult body weight

largest internal organ and mass of glandular tissue in the body

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2
Q

Liver location

A

below the diaphragm at the upper right quadrant

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3
Q

Fibrous connective tissue of the liver

A

Glisson’s capsule

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4
Q

Anatomical lobes of the liver

A

(1) right lobe
(2) left lobe
(3) caudate lobe - upper middle
(4) quadrate lobe - lower middle

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5
Q

Endocrine function of the liver

What are the plasma proteins produced by the liver

A

1) albumin
2) glycoproteins (haptoglobin, transferrin, hemopexin)
3) fibrinogen
4) prothrombin
5) lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL)

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6
Q

Composition of bile

A
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7
Q

Liver stores (1) what vitamins and (2) converts them into…

A
  • vitamin A > retinol
  • vitamin D > 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
  • vitamin K > prothrombin and clotting factors
  • Iron > all proteins involved in transport and metabolism (transferrin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin)
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8
Q

Metabolic pathways performed by the liver

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • glucose metabolism
  • glycogenolysis
  • cholesterol metabolism
  • synthesizes urea
  • synthesis and conversion of nonessential amino acids
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9
Q

carries 70% - 80% of liver blood supply

A

Hepatic portal vein

blood from the intestines, pancreas, and spleen; oxygen-poor but nutrient rich blood

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10
Q

Carries oxygen rich blood to the liver

A

Hepatic artery

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11
Q

(True/False)

Liver cells are never exposed to fully oxygenated blood

A

True

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12
Q

In liver parenchyma

(True/False)

The plates of hepatocytes in adults are 2 cell thick and separated by sinusoidal capillaries while in children they are 1 cell thick

A

False

The plates of hepatocytes in adults are 1 cell thick and separated by sinusoidal capillaries while in children they are 2 cell thick

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13
Q

Where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and bile ducts travel

continuous with Glisson capsule

A

Connective Tissue Stroma

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14
Q

Vascular channels between plates of hepatocytes

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

aka sinusoids

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15
Q

space between sinusoidal epithelium and hepatocytes

A

perisinusoidal spaces

aka space of Disse

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16
Q

3 ways to describe the structure of the liver

A

1) classic lobule
2) portal lobule
3) liver acinus

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17
Q

Structural unit of the liver

A

Classic hepatic lobule

Consists of stacks of one cell thick plates of hepatocytes separated by sinusoids; a central venule as the terminal hepatic venule; and several portal triads surrounding the periphery

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18
Q

loose stromal connective tissue, continuous with the Glisson capsule and contains the portal triad, lymphatics, and nerves

A

Portal Space or Portal Canal

3-6 portal space per classic lobule

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19
Q

Site where lymph originates in the liver; a space between the connective tissue stroma and hepatocyte

A

Periportal space or space of Mall

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20
Q

Portal triad is composed of:

A

1) hepatic portal venule
2) hepatic arteriole
3) bile duct

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21
Q

Bile duct is lined by what epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

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22
Q

Hepatic arteriole carries blood from the

A

celiac trunk of the abdominal aorta

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23
Q

the hepatic portal vein comes from (1) and drains to (2)

A

(1) superior and inferior mesenteric vein, splenic vein
(2) central venule to the inferior vena cava

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24
Q

Unit of the liver that emphasizes the exocrine function of the liver

A

portal lobule

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25
Q

Formed peripherally by 3 central veins with 1 portal triad at the center

traces bile drainage to the portal triad

A

Portal lobule

26
Q

Lozenge shaped; is the smallest functional unit of the hepatic parenchyma

A

Liver Acinus

Short axis is formed by 2 portal triads; Long axis is formed by 2 central veins

27
Q

Basic structural component of the liver

A

Hepatocytes

Large polygonal cells
* nuclei are large, spherical, and centrally placed
* eosinophilic cytoplasm
* large number of mitochondria

28
Q

Average lifespan of hepatocytes

A

5 months

29
Q

(True/False)

The liver is capable of regeneration when parenchyma is damaged or lost due to hepatotoxic processes, disease, or surgery

A

True

30
Q

What liver oxygenation zone?

  • First to receive oxygen, nutrients, and toxins from sinusoidal blood
  • First to show morphologic changes during bile duct occlusion or other pathologies
  • Last to die if circulation is impaired
  • First to regenerate
A

Zone 1

31
Q

What liver oxygenation zone?

  • First to show ischemic necrosis
  • First to show fat accummulation
  • Last to respond to toxic substances and bile stasis
A

Zone 3

32
Q

Discontinuous layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

A

Liver sinusoids

33
Q

Macrophages in sinusoids

In the luminal surface of the endothelial cells

A

Kupffer cells

15% of liver cell population

34
Q

Fuctions to:
1) metabolize aged erythrocytes
2) digest hemoglobin
3) secrete protein related to immunologic process
4) destroy bacteria (from large intestine)

A

Kupffer cells

35
Q

Space between the basal surfaces of hepatocytes and the basal surfaces of endothelial cells and kupffer cells that line the sinusoids

Site of exchange of materials between blood and liver cells

A

Perisinusoidal space or space of Disse

36
Q

Fat storing cells in the space of Disse

contains vitamin A-rich lipid inclusions and type 1&3 collagen

A

Hepatic stellate cells

aka Ito cells

Functions to:
* uptake, storage, and release of retinoid
* synthesis and secretion of growth factors and cytokines
* regulation of the sinusoidal lumen diameter in response to different regulators (prostaglandin & thromboxane A2)

37
Q

Billiary tree is lined by

A

Cholangiocytes

apical domain contains microvilli and a primary cilium

38
Q

Biliary tree epithelium

A

cuboidal to columnar

39
Q

Bile cannaliculi are joined by what junction

A

tight junctions

40
Q

Consists of specific hepatic stem cells

A

canal of Hering

41
Q

Bile produced daily

A

1L

42
Q

2 major functions of bile

A

1) absorption of fat
2) excretion of cholesterol, bilirubin, iron, & copper

43
Q

Regulation of bile flow

Bile flow is increased by

A
  • cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Gastrin
  • motilin
  • parasympathetic stimulation
44
Q

Regulation of bile flow

Bile secretion is decreased by

A

Estrogen

45
Q

Hollow pear-shaped organ attached to the lower surface of the liver

A

Gallbladder

46
Q

Gallbladder functions:

A
  • store bile (30 to 50 mL)
  • concentrate bile by absorbing water
  • release bile
47
Q

Epithelial lining of the gallbladder

A

simple columnar epithelium

48
Q

(True/False)

Mucosal folds are always present in the gallbladder

A

False

mucosal folds are only present when empty

49
Q

(True/False)

the wall of the gallbladder lacks muscularis mucosae and submucosa

A

True

50
Q

Deep diverticula of the mucosa

Develop as the result of hyperplasia and herniation of epithelial cells through the muscularis externa

A

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

51
Q

Epithelial cells of the gallbladder contain what protein channel

A

Aquaporin 1 and 8

52
Q

Final modification of bile is mainly due to

A

(1) active transport of Na, Cl, and HCO3
(2) passive aquaporin-mediated transport of water

53
Q

Pancreas location

A

Retroperitoneal
at the level of the 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae

54
Q

Connective tissue that extends into the pancrease dividing it into ill-defined lobules

A

septa

55
Q

The pancreatic duct of Wirsung empties into the duodenum via

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)

56
Q

Regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

prevents reflux of intestinal contents into the pancreatic duct

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi)

57
Q

pancreatic acini morphology

A

compound acinus gland

Formed by simple epithelium or pyramidal serous cells

58
Q

(True/False)

Acinar cells are small at rest and wider during active secretion

A

True

59
Q

Duct system of the exocrine pancreas

A

Acinus > intercalated ducts > intralobular duct > interlobular duct > main pancreatic duct

60
Q

Most numerous in the tail region of the pancrease - endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

Islet of Langerhans

61
Q

Major Pancreatic cells

A
62
Q

Minor Pancreatic Cells

A

Histology - Junqueira's (7 decks)

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