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Histology - Junqueira's > Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Serve as effectors to regulate activities of various cells, tissues, and organs in the body

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Cell Signaling:

Act on adjacent cells or diffuse to nearby target cells that express specific receptors for that particular hormone

hormones released into connective tissue spaces

A

Paracrine Control

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3
Q

Cell Signaling:

Cells that express receptors for hormones they secrete

A

Autocrine Control

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4
Q

Two major integration and control system of the body

A

1) endocrine system
2) nervous system

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5
Q

Communicate through transmission of neural impulses along nerve cell processes and the discharge of neurotransmitter

A

Nervous System

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6
Q

Communicate through hormones

A

Endocrine System

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7
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine

  • resspond rapidly and precisely to stimuli
  • rsponses are consciously generated
A

Nervous System

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8
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine

  • responds more slowly and more diffusely
  • long lasting effect of responses
  • responses are unconsciously generated
A

Endocrine System

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9
Q

Master organ of the endocrine system - Plays a central role in number of regulatory feedback mechanism

A

Pituitary gland

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10
Q

Pitutary gland characteristics:
1) size
2) shape
3) location
4) weight

A

1) small pea sized
2) ovoid
3) centrally at base of brain; sits on the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
4) Male - 0.5g; Female - 1.5g

Connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk aka infundibulum

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11
Q

The pituitary gland consists of 2 functional compartments namely:

A

1) Anterior lobe/ Adenohypophysis (glandular epithelial tissue)

2) Posterior lobe/ Neurohypophysis (neural secretory tissue)

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12
Q

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary compartment that is more cellular and produces hormone

A

adenohypophysis

the neurohypophysis does not produce hormone but instead stores hormone produced by the hypothalamus

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13
Q

Pituitary Gland

3 Subparts of the adenohypophysis:

A

1) Pars distalis
2) Pars tuberalis - pars infundibularis
3) Pars intermedia

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14
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that regulate the hormone secretion of other cells in different endocrine glands throughout the body

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15
Q

Pituitary Gland

Enumerate the hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Tropic Hormones
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- lutenizing hormone (LH)

Hormones that act directly on the target organ - not endocrine organ
- growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin
- Prolactin (PRL)

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16
Q

Pituitary Gland

Enumerate the 5 functional cells or the anterior lobe - pars distalis

A

1) somatotrophs (GH cells)
2) Lactotropes/ Mammotropes (PRL cells)
3) corticotropes (ACTH cells)
4) gonadotropes (FSH and LH cells)
5) Thyrotropes (TSH cells)

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17
Q

Types of secretory epithelial cells based on staining

A

(1) Chromophils
(2) Chromophobes

Chromophils are further classified into: acidophils and basophils

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18
Q

Pituitary Gland

Somatotropin (GH) affects practically all cells

What disease is due to the hypersecretion of somatotropin

A
  • Gigantism
  • Acromegaly
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19
Q

Pituitary Gland

Summary of the staining characteristics of adenohypophysis cells
1. Somatotrope
2. Lactotrope
3. Corticotrope
3. Gonadotrope
4. Thyrotrope

A
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19
Q

Pituitary Gland

Hormones of the Anterior lobe of the Pituitary gland

A
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20
Q

Somatotropin is stimulated by (1) and inhibited by (2)

A

(1) growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) & Ghrelin

(2) Somatostain - secreted by the hypothalamus and the pancreas

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21
Q

Lactotrope secretion and its function

A

Prolactin

stimulate the growth and activity of the mammary glands during lactation and pregnancy

Stimulated by: Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and vasoactive inhibitory peptide

Inhibited by: Dopamine

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22
Q

Lactotrope secretion and its function

A

Prolactin

stimulate the growth and activity of the mammary glands during lactation and pregnancy

Stimulated by: Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and vasoactive inhibitory peptide

Inhibited by: Dopamine

23
Q

Corticotrope secretion

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
& pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Regulated by: corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) by the hypothalamus

24
Q

Hormones secreted by the gonadotropes

A
  • lutenizing hormone (LH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Regulated by: gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus

25
Q

Lutenizing hormone function in male & females

A

MALE
* stimulate the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells of the testes

FEMALE
* triggers ovulation
* responsible for the formation and maintenance of the corpus luteum in the ovary
* produce estrogen and progesterone

26
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone function in males & females

A

MALE
* stimulate the activity of the sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

FEMALE
* responsible for the growth and development of the ovarian follicle - maturation of the ovum
* secretion of estrogen

27
Q

Thyrotrope secretion

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or Thyrotropin

Regulated by: thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

28
Q

Boundary between the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe

represent the original lumen of the Rathke’s pouch

Rudimentary in adults

A

Par intermedia

Has parenchymal cells that surround colloid filled follicles

29
Q

Hormone secretion of the pars intermedia

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

by basophilic corticotropes

30
Q

Extension of the anterior lobe along the stalk-like infundibulum

A

Pars tuberalis

31
Q

Highly vascularized region by the vessels of the hypothalamo hypophyseal system

A

Pars tuberalis

32
Q

Subdivisions of the Posterior lobe

A
  • infundibulum
  • pars nervosa
33
Q

Is a downward continuation of the hypothalamus; formed by the axons of the secretory neurons (supraventricular and paraventricular nuclei)

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Not an endocrine gland but a storage site for neurosecretions of the neurons

34
Q

Neuroglial cells of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

pituicytes

  • only cellular element in the neurohypophysis
  • non-secretory cells
35
Q

Hormones stored by the posterior pituitary gland

A
36
Q

Blood Supply to the pituitary gland

A
37
Q

Serves as one of the conrtolling centers of the autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

38
Q

Hypothalamic Regulating Hormones

A
39
Q

Endocrine or neuroendocrine gland that regulates the daily body rythm - develops from neuroectoderm of the posterior portion of the root of the diencephalon

important time keeper and regulator of day/night cycle

A

Pineal gland, pineal body, or epiphysis

located at the posterior wall of the 3rd ventricle near the center of the brain

40
Q

Chief cells of the pineal gland

A

pinealocytes

41
Q

The pineal body is characterized by the prescence of calcified concretions derived from percipitation of calcium phosphate and carbonates

A

corpora arenacea or brain sand

42
Q

Hormone of the pineal gland

A
43
Q

Hormones produces by the thyroid gland

A
44
Q

Is a bilobed endocrine gland developed from the endodermal lining of the floor of the primitive pharynx

A

Thyroid

45
Q

Connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid

A

Isthmus

46
Q

Characteristics of a Hypoactive thyroid

A
  • squamous or low cuboidal follicular cells
  • large lumen
47
Q

Thyroid hormone storage and secretion

A
48
Q

Disease caused by the enlargement of the thyroid

A

Goiter

49
Q

Disease caused by the excess production of thyroid hormone

A

Hyperthyroidism

50
Q

Disease caused by the deficiency/decrease in TSH production

A

Hypothyroidism
* Adult: Myxedema
* Children: Cretinism

51
Q

Small ovoid bodies at the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid (#4)

Derived from the branchial pouch
* superior - 4th pouch
* inferior - 3rd pouch

A

Parathyroid gland

Maxmum size attained at 20 y.o.

52
Q

Parathyroid Hormone Function

A
53
Q

Parathyroid Cells

A
  • Chief cells/Principal cells
  • oxyphil cells
54
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Histology - Junqueira's (7 decks)

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