Urinary System I

Question 1

Functions of the urinary system

Answer 1

• removing of waste products from the bloodstream
• storage and excretion of urine
• blood volume regulation
• regulation of erythrocyte production
• maintains constant plasma pH by regulating acid-base balance (excrete Hydrogen ions or bicarbonate)

Question 2

The urinary bladder is an expandable muscular sac that can hold () amount of urine

Answer 2

1L (400 - 600 mL)

Question 3

Hormone produced by the kidney in cases of hypoxia

stimulates production of red blood cells in the red bone marrow

Answer 3

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 4

Kidney Location

Answer 4

Retroperitoneal
at the level of T12 to L3

Question 5

Blood supply to the kidneys

Answer 5

25% of total cardiac output

Question 6

Ultrafiltrate of blood produced by the kidneys

Answer 6

Urine

Question 7

Which kidney is lower?

Answer 7

Right kidney

Due to the liver above

Question 8

Released by the juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) in response to the macula densa sensing change in blood pressure and blood volume

Answer 8

Renin

catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 9

A potent vasoconstrictor that also promotes the release of aldosterone (reabsorbs water and sodium)

Answer 9

Angiotensin II

Angiotensin I is also a weaker vasoconstrictor

Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs

Question 10

Concave medial border or deep fissure of the kidney where the renal blood and lymph vessels, ureter, and nerve enter

Answer 10

Renal Hilum

Question 11

Internal space in the kidney that houses the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, renal pelvis, renal calyces, and fat

Answer 11

Renal sinus

Question 12

Surrounding tissues of the kidney

(From DEEP to SUPERFICIAL)

Answer 12

1) fibrous capsule - renal capsule
2) perinephric fat - adipose capsule
3) renal fascia
4) paranephric fat

Question 13

Fibrous renal capsule tissue composition

Answer 13

Dense irregular CT

Question 14

Functions to cushion and insulate the kidney

Answer 14

Perinephric fat or Perirenal fat

Question 15

Anchors kidney to the posterior wall and the peritoneum

Answer 15

Renal fascia

Tissue composition - dense irregular connective tissue

Question 16

2 distinct layers of the fibrous renal capsule:

Answer 16

1) outer layer of fibroblasts and collagen fibers
2) inner layer of myofibroblasts

Question 17

Cells that resist volume and pressure variation that accompany variation in kidney function

Answer 17

myofibroblasts

Question 18

Percentage of blood passing through (1) renal cortex and (2) renal medulla

Answer 18

(1) 90% to 95%
(2) 5% to 10%

Question 19

Characterized by renal corpuscles and their associated tubules - convoluted tubules, straight tubules of the nephron, connecting tubules, collecting ducts and the vascular supply

Answer 19

Renal Cortex

Question 20

Tissue between the base of the pyrmid and surface of the kidney

show light and dark striations where in the light lines are called medullary rays

Answer 20

Cortical lobule or Renal lobule

Question 21

Vertical striations on the cortex that emanate from the medulla

approximately 400 to 500 striations

Answer 21

Medullary ray

aggregration of straight tubules and collecting ducts

Question 22

Regions between medullary rays containing renal corpuscle and convoluted tubules (proximal and distal)

Answer 22

Cortical Labyrinth

Question 23

Medullary pyramid + associated cortical tissue at its base and sides

Answer 23

Renal Lobe

each kidney has 8 - 18 lobes

Question 24

Characterized by straight tubule, collecting ducts, and a special capillary network - vasa recta

Answer 24

Medulla

innermost layer consisting of renal pyramids (8-12)

Question 25

Cortical tissue between pyramids

Answer 25

Renal columns (of Bertin)

Question 26

The tip or apex of the renal pyramid

Answer 26

Renal papilla

Question 27

The funnel shaped origin of ureter; acts as a receptable of the urine formed by the kidney

Answer 27

Renal pelvis

Renal papilla > minor calyx > major calyx > renal papilla

Question 28

Structureal and functional unit of the kidney

Answer 28

Nephron

1 million nephrons per kidney

Question 29

Nephron + Collecting duct

Answer 29

Urineferous tubule

Question 30

Parts of a Nephron

Answer 30

Question 31

Renal corpuscle

Answer 31

Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

Question 32

2 layers of the bowman’s capsule

Answer 32

1) parietal layer - simple squamous epithelium
2) visceral layer - podocytes

Question 33

2 poles of the renal capsule

Answer 33

1) vascular pole: afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
2) Urinary pole: renal tubule

Question 34

2 poles of the renal capsule

Answer 34

1) vascular pole: afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
2) Urinary pole: renal tubule

Question 35

Nephron Tubules

Memorize

Answer 35

Question 36

Large collecting ducts at the tip of the medullary pyramid

Answer 36

Ducts of Bellini

Question 37

Layers of the glomerular wall

Answer 37

Question 38

Layers of Glomerular Basement Membrane

Answer 38

Question 39

Types of Nephrons

Answer 39

CORTICAL NEPHRON
* have peritubular capillaries

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRON
* have vasa recta

INTERMEDIATE OR MID CORTICAL NEPHRON
* in the mid region of the cortex

Question 40

Responsible for the final concentration of urine

Answer 40

Collecting duct