urinary system ch 42-44 Flashcards
signals generated by osmoreceptors in the subfornical organ & hypothalamus stimulate the secretion of:
ADH
A ______________________drives the filtration of much of the plasma into the nephron.
hydrostatic pressure gradient
kidney stones are called?
renal calculi
Which is not one of the processes of urine formation?
diffusion
the medial surface of each kidney has a notch called the
hilum
more than __ liters of various internal secretions are produced daily
8
the functional unit of the kidney is the:
nephron
hypovolemia
dehydration
which is the most abundant & important positive plasma ion?
sodium
which large molecules are retained by the selectively permeable cell membrane?
proteins
the calyces of the kidney join together to form a large collection reservoir called the ?
renal pelvis
interstitial fluid contains hardly any ____ anions.
protein
the triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney are known as:
pyramids
which is considered a countercurrent structure?
Henle loop
2 factors that determine urine volume are:
the glomerular filtration rate
&
the rate of water reabsorption by the renal tubules
functions of the urinary system
- filtration of blood
- removal of waste
- regulation of electrolytes
- maintenance of pH balance
urinary systems consists of _____, along w nerves & blood vessels.
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
the functional unit of the kidney is the…
nephron
pathway of urine includes:
cortex - filter to form urine
medulla - collect & excrete urine
enters minor calyces
to the major calyces
to the renal pelvis
down the ureter
to the bladder
out the urethra
exits body
which side of the liver is lower
L liver is lower than the right
bean-shaped organ
kidneys
this originates in the kidney called thy hilum & travels to the bladder about 25 cm long
ureter
small tube from the bladder & allows urine to be excreted
hint: is 4 cm long in women & 24 cm long in men
urethra
this is a hollow, muscular organ that can stretch 700-800mL
urinary bladder
- as volume increases, stretch receptors triggers a spinal reflex to urinate
arterial blood enters via renal ___ & leaves the renal ___
artery, vein
each nephron receives one ____ arteriole.
afferent
a tangled ball-shaped capillary network
the glomerulus
fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries enters the
bowman’s space (glomerular capsule), which is the lumen
3 main sections of the renal tubule
the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)
the loop of Henle
the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
3 basic function performed by nephrons & collecting ducts are:
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
whats the portion of the nephron that reabsorbs the most substances ?
the loop of Henle
pressure forces filtration of wastes in the blood in the glomerulus
glomerular filtration
- if disrupted can either lead to excessive filtration or insufficient filtration (edema)
the process of returning important substances from the filtrate back to the body
tubular reabsorption
the movement of waste materials from the body to the filtrate
tubular secretion
roles of kidney: (4)
fluid balance - regulate BP/Volume
electrolyte balance - manage sodium, potassium, calcium, etc
acid-base balance - maintain blood pH
waste removal - urination, creatinine, & other metabolites
RAAS
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
analyzation of physical, chemical, & microscopic properties of urine?
urinalysis
input of water
from food
liquids
tissue catabolism
output of water
lungs (water vapor)
sweating
kidney (urine)
large intestine (feces)
sodium & potassium regulation
reabsorption & secretion in nephrons
water balance:
ADH - antidiuretic hormone affects on water reabsorption
implications for cellular function:
important for nerve/muscle function
insufficient body fluid resulting from inadequate intake OR excessive loss
dehydration
dehydration symptoms
simple thirst
poor concentration
cant regulate excess temperature
dizziness & weakness
muscle spasms
kidney failure
concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid will increase
