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bio > the digestive system ch 38-40 > Flashcards

the digestive system ch 38-40 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

layers of the GI tract (sup to deep)

A

serosa/adventitia
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

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2
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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3
Q

accessory organs include: (6)

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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4
Q

how long is the GI tract or alimentary canal?

A

9m or 30ft

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5
Q

catabolism

A

larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules (mouth, stomach, & duodenum)

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6
Q

anabolism

A

smaller molecules used for building blocks for larger molecules (liver)

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7
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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8
Q

peristalsis

A

CN 10 - Vagus
involuntary movement of muscles in the GI tract that facilitates movement of food

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9
Q

5 major peritoneal folds

A

greater omentum
falciform ligament
lesser omentum
mesentery
mesocolon

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10
Q

grater omentum

A

largest peritoneal fold.
“fatty apron”
too much fat can expand “beer bellies”

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11
Q

falciform ligament

A

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall & diaphragm

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12
Q

lesser omentum

A

suspends to the stomach and duodenum
forms pathway for blood vessels & has the bile duct

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13
Q

mesentery (small intestine) & mesocolon (large intestine)

A

work together to hold the intestines loosely in place as muscular contractions mix & move contents along the tract

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14
Q

3 phases of digestion

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

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15
Q

cephalic phase

A

nerves only
sight, smell, thought, and hearing of food stimulates secretion of gastric juice

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16
Q

gastric phase

A

nervous & hormonal
bolus in stomach secrete gastric juice

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17
Q

intestinal phase

A

mostly hormones
begins when food enters small intestine

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18
Q

cheeks, hard/soft palate & tongue form?

A

the oral or buccal cavity

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19
Q

salivary regulation of parasympathetic stimulation …

A

promote secretion, as well as touch, smell, taste, and psychological factors

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20
Q

salivary regulation of the sympathetic stimulation…

A

decreases saliva secretion

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21
Q

oropharynx & laryngopharynx have digestive and ___ functions

A

respiratory

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22
Q

3 stages of deglutition:

A

voluntary - tongue forces bolus back

pharyngeal - bolus passes into the oropharynx, epiglottis moves to close the glottis

esophageal - bolus enters the esophagus

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23
Q

propulsion

A

only digestive function occurring in the esophagus to move food into stomach

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24
Q

this regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincters

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25
Q

4 region of the stomach

A

cardia
fungus
body
pylorus

26
Q

rugae

A

large folds in the mucosa of an empty stomach

27
Q

beginning of the small intestine

A

the duodenum

28
Q

gastric glands (4)?

A

mucous neck cell - produces mucus

chief cell - secrete protease pepsinogen & gastric lipase

parietal cell - produce intrinsic factor & HCI

endocrine cell - secrete gastrin hormones into the blood steam

29
Q

gentle, rippling, peristaltic movements that pass over the stomach every 15-25 seconds

A

mixing waves. the waves macerate food, mix it w secretions of gastric glands & reduce it to a soupy liquid called chyme

30
Q

3 regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum - 10 in
jejunum - 8ft
ileum - 12 ft

31
Q

main site for absorption

A

small intestines, mechanical digestion is a localized mixing contraction called SEGMENTATION

32
Q

multicellular structures barely seen by the naked eye

A

villi

33
Q

microscopic folds in villi

A

microvilli, allow for max reabsorptions of nutrients

34
Q

the passage of digested nutrients into the blood or lymph 90% of intestinal absorption occur in the small intesteine

A

intestinal absorption

35
Q

how long is the large intestine

A

5 ft

36
Q

4 regions of large intestine

A

cecum - 2.5 cm
colon
- ascending, transverse, descending + sigmoid
rectum - last 8 in
anal canal

37
Q

termination of the rectum

A

anal canal

38
Q

opening of the anal canal to the exterior

A

anus

39
Q

about 9 l of fluid enter the small intestine each day

A

true
- 9.2 are reabsorbed
- o.1 are excreted in feces

40
Q

defecation reflex

A

activated by stretch receptors of the rectum
- diaphragm, intercostals, & abdominal muscles contract to increase intraabdominal pressure

41
Q

pancreas

A

secretes enzymes, which digest food in small intestine & hormones (glucagon, insulin & somatostatin & pancreatic polypeptide)

  • pancreatic lipase, major triglyceride digesting enzyme in adults
42
Q

liver

A

largest gland in body
2nd largest organ
2 lobes; R is bigger than L
divided by falciform ligament

43
Q

repeating functional unites that make up the liver

A

liver lobules

44
Q

major functional cells of liver

A

hepatocytes; synthesis, transformation, & storage of proteins, carbs, & fats

45
Q

bile salts

A

emulsification & absorption of lipids, or else most fat would go undigested & we poop it out

46
Q

major function of the gallbladder

A

secrete bile salt to breakdown fats

47
Q

common bile duct merges with the ____ ___ to form the ____ ___

A

pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla @ the 2nd part of the duodenum

48
Q

which step of deglutition is under voluntary control?

A

oral stage

49
Q

which controls the opening of the stomach into the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

50
Q

the movement of lower colon & rectum contents at a rate slower than normal bc?

A

constipation

51
Q

Each villus in the intestine contains a lymphatic vessel, or _____, that absorbs lipid or fat materials from the chyme.

A

lacteal

52
Q

the longest portion of the small intestine is the

A

ileum

53
Q

microvilli can be found in the

A

small intestine

54
Q

surgical removal of the gallbladder is referred to as

A

cholecystectomy

55
Q

enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of

A

protein

56
Q

principle enzyme of saliva is

A

amylase

57
Q

villi are important modifications of the ___ layer of the small intestine

A

mucosal

58
Q

hormone to stimulate the gallbladder to release bile is

A

cholecystokinin

59
Q

Which hormone decreases peristalsis and slows the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum?

A

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

60
Q

which is not a function of the liver?

A

secretion of insulin

61
Q

the terminal inch of the rectum is called the

A

anal canal

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