Urinary System (BCSE) Flashcards
BCSE
What is the most common urolith found in dogs, cats, and cattle?
Struvite Stone
-Present in basic urine (pH > 7.5)
-Caused by a High Protein Diet
-Cause by a diet rich in Magnesium
What is the chemical formula for Struvite?
Mg(NH4)PO4
-Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate
A cat is given a diet to protect it from getting struvite stones, what other kinds of stones can the cat get?
Oxalate Stones - present in Acidic Urine
Carbonate, Urate, and Cystine Stones occur in Normal to Acidic pH urine.
What is the most common or normal stone found in horses?
Calcium Carbonate Crystals
-present normally in the urine
How can Urolithiasis be prevented in cattle?
-Including salt up to 4% of the daily dry matter intake to promote eater intake and therefore urine production and thus reduction the risk of minerals precipitating out in urine.
-Maintain a 2:1 Calcium to Magnesium ratio to maintain overall mineral balance and prevent stone formation.
-Add Ammonium Chloride to the diet (at a rate of 0.5-1% of the diet dry matter or 30-60g per head) to lower the urine pH to prevent the formation of stones.
What is the Choice of Fluid in Cardiogenic Shock?
A solution having Low Sodium
-Example: RL
What is seen in a Renal Function Test if the patient has Chronic Renal Failure?
-Increased PO4 [Hyperphosphatemia]
-Increased BUN
-Increased Creatinine
-Decreased PCV
What is the most common organism to cause a UTI in dogs?
E. coli
An Abyssinian Cat has enlarged kidneys, proteinuria, and the presence of liver enzymes - what is the most likely diagnosis?
Amyloidosis in cats
-Amyloidosis is a condition that occurs when proteins called “amyloid” are deposited outside cells in various tissues and organs, such as the kidneys and liver, which causes tissue damage and organ dysfunction.
What breed of cat is more prone to Amyloidosis?
Abyssinian Cat
What is the preferred site for a Urethrostomy in Cats?
Near the Scrotum
What is the preferred site for a Urethrostomy in Cattle?
Proximal to the Sigmoid Flexure
What dog breed is predisposed to Urate Crystals?
Dalmatians
-Uric acid is normally produced when protein is converted in the liver. In most dogs, it is further metabolized into allantoin and excreted in the urine. However, Dalmatians have a deficiency in a transporter protein called URAT1. As a result, uric acid accumulates in their bodies and is excreted as urate in the urine. Urate can aggregate into crystals and eventually form stones in the urinary tract. HUA (High Uric Acid) Dalmatians have 10 to 20 times more urate in their urine than other breeds.
Portosystemic Shunts can cause what kind of crystal formation?
Urate Crystals
-Identification Future: Diamond/Rhombic/Rosette Formation
Which crystals are Radiolucent (appear transparent or less dense on X-ray images)?
Cysteine and Urate Crystals
-“I Can’t C U”
A dog is showing pain on abdominal palpation, frequent need to urinate, and cloudy foul-smelling urine - what is the most likely diagnosis?
Pyelonephritis
What is the diagnostic test for a suspected mass in the urinary bladder?
Double Contrast Cystography
What is the most common worm of the Urinary Bladder in dogs and cats?
Capillaria plica
-Some animals show signs of pollakiuria, urinary incontinence, and urinating in abnormal places. The eggs are shed in the urine and may be found in the urine sediment. Microscopic hematuria and increased numbers of epithelial cells may also be present. Reported treatments include levamisole, fenbendazole, albendazole, and ivermectin. The treatment of choice is unknown, but a single dose of ivermectin at 0.2 mg/kg, SC, is likely to be effective. It is not FDA approved for this use and is contraindicated in Collie breeds. The parasite may be self-limiting in the absence of reinfection.
Where is the Detrusor Muscle present?
Urinary Bladder
What is the Drug of Choice for Detrusor Muscle Atony?
Bethanechol - a medication used to treat urinary retention caused by surgery, childbirth, or other conditions
What is the Kidney Worm of Dogs, Ferrets, Cats, Pigs, Horses, Cattle, and occasionally Humans?
Dioctophyma renale
What is the Largest Nematode known?
Dioctophyma renale
In which kidney is Dioctophyma renale usually present?
Right Kidney
What is the Treatment of Choice for Kidney Worm (Dioctophyma renale)?
Unilateral Nephrectomy
Which bacteria produce Urease?
-Staphylococcus
-Proteus
How are Urinary Bladder Tumors classified? (medical term)
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Which dog breed is predisposed to Urinary Bladder Tumors?
Scottish Terriers
A dog has a history of having a urethral obstruction for 72 hours - in your opinion, what caused the dogs death?
Hyperkalemia leading to Bradycardia
A female dog is showing urinary incontinence while sleeping but is otherwise normal - what is your diagnosis?
Hormone Response Incontinence
-H/o spaying > urinary bladder not strong enough to hold urine > dribbling
What it the diagnostic test for Uroperitoneum or bladder rupture?
Peritoneal Fluid Analysis
-The peritoneal fluid will have a creatinine concentration that is double that of normal plasma
What is considered to be a normal sized kidney in a cat?
2.5-3.5 times larger than the L2 vertebrae
What systems are affected in oak poisoning?
Renal and GI
-perirenal edema
What system does Leptospira affect and what does it cause?
Kidney - intestinal nephritis
What is the most common urolith found in feedlot steers?
Struvite Stones
Mg(NH4)PO4 - Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate
What method would you used for the diagnosis of Ureter Rupture?
Pyelography
-An intravenous pyelogram is an X-ray exam of the urinary tract that uses dye to outline the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It can help diagnose problems such as kidney stones, enlarged prostate or urinary tract tumors.
Struvite stones are caused by what kind of diet?
Diet rich in protein
A patient is suffering from Proteinuria, Thrombocytopenia, and Lymphocytopenia - what is the most likely cause?
Leptospira
What is one big difference between Acute Renal Failure and Chronic Renal Failure?
ARF > Hyperkalemia is present and is a reversible condition
CRF > Hyperkalemia is absent and is not a reversible condition
A patient’s kidney is red on observation - what is the most likely diagnosis?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
-DIC can cut off blood flow to organs such as the kidney, liver, brain, etc.
The Nephrosplenic Ligament is present near which kidney in Horses?
Left Kidney
In the treatment of Struvite stones, what crystals are formed as a sequalae?
Calcium Oxalate Crystals
Which electrolyte is affected when a cat is suffering from Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)?
Hyperphosphatemia
What is the drug of choice in NPN-Poisoning (Non protein nitrogen)?
Acetic Acid (Vinegar)
What crystals are commonly present in Bulldogs?
Cysteine Crystals
What is the Drug of choice for Ethylene Glycol Toxicity in dogs?
Uridine Monophosphate (UMP)
Under the right conditions, why can Albumin not pass through the Glomerulus?
Albumen is negativity charged and therefore is repelled by the other negatively charged soluble proteins that are present in the glomerulus.
Which type of filtrate is completely absorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
-Glucose
-Amino Acids
-Phosphorus
What effect does a High Protein Diet have on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
Increases the GFR
What is the most potent kidney toxin?
Methyl Guanidine
What are Hyaline Casts made of?
Tamm-Horsfall or Uromodulin
-Hyaline casts in urine are cylindrical structures composed of a protein called uromodulin. While they often indicate kidney disease, they can also result from factors like dehydration, intense exercise, or diuretic use.
What kind of body conditions favor cast formation?
Acidic pH of the glomerulus filtrate, and slow rate of urine flow.
What is the kidney worm of pigs?
Stephanurus dentatus - Swine Kidney Worm
What is the paratenic host of Stephanurus dentatus?
Earthworms
RECALL: A paratenic host is a host organism or species that harbors a parasite without undergoing any additional development.
What crystals are associated with hepatic disfunction?
Ammonium nitrate, Tyrosine Needles, and Leucine
-Ammonium nitrate > Detecting high ammonia levels in your blood can help doctors diagnose and treat liver disease before it progresses. When the liver can’t use ammonia properly, t can build up to high levels in your blood and travel to your brain, causing symptoms like confusion and shakiness. This dysfunction can result from hepatic encephalopathy (HE).
-Tyrosine needles > colorless/yellow fine needles in acidic/neutral urine
-Leucine > not typically found in health urine and indicate severe liver disease along with abdominal swelling, vomiting, nausea, disorientation, and malaise.
What is the secondary host of the Kidney worm of Cattle?
Mink
-dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera Neogale and Mustela and part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, otters, and ferrets.
Which type of stones are associated with Falconi Syndrome?
Cystine, Tyrosine, Glycine, Leucine
RECALL: Fanconi syndrome, a genetic kidney disorder that affects mostly Basenjis and causes excessive urination, weight loss and kidney failure.
ALSO: “Fanconi’s part of the LGCT”
What does Weddellite refer to?
Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Crystals
(CaC2O4·2H2O)
What does Whewellite refer to?
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrates Crystals
(CaC2O4·H2O)
What is the shape of the Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Crystals?
Octahedral
What is the shape of the Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals?
Dumbbell-shaped, needle-shaped, or oval
What is the most common mineral found in enterolithiasis?
Struvite
