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BCSE Notes to Cards > PHYSIOLOGY [bcse] > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY [bcse] Flashcards

Physio.

1
Q

What does the Neurohypophysis, the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, secrete?

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)

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2
Q

What does the Adenohypophysis, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, secrete?

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Growth Hormone (GH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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3
Q

During normal digestion, HCl is secreted in the stomach, what is released in the blood stream to compensate?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO[3-])

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4
Q

What do Gastric Parietal Cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

-HCl, hydrochloric acid or gastric acid, is a component of stomach acid that helps to digest proteins and kill bacteria. HCl creates an acidic environment in the stomach, which is needed to activate the enzyme pepsin.

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5
Q

What do Gastric Chief Cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

-The chief cells secrete pepsinogen. It converts to pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Pepsin helps digest proteins into small units known as polypeptides. They secrete digestive enzymes that help break down food.

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6
Q

Which cells of the stomach can replicate to form a new layer?

A

Mucus cells

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7
Q

What do Gastrin Cells in the stomach secrete?

A

Gastrin

-hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.

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8
Q

Respiratory Acidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis are both caused by a change in what component?

A

Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

-RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS occurs when the lungs cannot effectively expel all the carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced by the body. [CO₂ in the blood reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). > Elevated CO₂ levels lead to an increase in carbonic acid concentration. > This excess carbonic acid lowers blood pH, making it more acidic.] The kidneys respond by retaining bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) to counterbalance the acidity.

-RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS occurs due to hyperventilation, which reduces CO₂ levels in the blood. [Hyperventilation leads to decreased CO₂ concentration. > Less CO₂ means less carbonic acid formation. > Blood pH rises, becoming more basic.] The kidneys excrete excess bicarbonate ions to restore balance.

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9
Q

Metabolic Acidosis is caused by a change in which component of the body?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

-Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an excess of acid in the body fluids.
–High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: Too many acids in the blood that deplete bicarbonate.
–Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: Loss of bicarbonate due to kidney disease or kidney failure.

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10
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis is caused by a change in which component of the body? [?]

A

Hydrochloric Acid

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11
Q

What condition in the duodenum may inhibit gastric emptying?

A

Low pH and High Fat

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12
Q

What is “Gumboro Disease” also known as?

A

Infectious Bursal Disease

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13
Q

Which diseases are associated with a high anion gap?

A

-Grain Overload
-Ethylene Glycol Toxicity
-Renal Insufficiency
-Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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14
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris, Pemphigus foliaceus, and Bullous pemphigoid are all examples of what kind of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

  • Pemphigus is a rare group of autoimmune diseases. It causes blisters on the skin and mucous membranes throughout the body. It can affect the mouth, nose, throat, eyes, and genitals.
  • Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune condition that causes painful and itchy blisters and sores on your skin, most often on your face, scalp and trunk.
  • Bullous pemphigoid is a rare skin condition that causes large, fluid-filled blisters on areas of skin that often flex.

-Type II hypersensitivity, also known as cytotoxic reaction, involves specific antibodies (IgG or IgM) binding to cell surface antigens. This binding triggers immune cells and complements to attack the cell, leading to its destruction.

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15
Q

What is the pathophysiological mechanism behind retinal detachment in cats?

A

Hypertension

-Retinal detachment in cats is often caused by fluid buildup behind the retina, most commonly from high blood pressure (systemic hypertension). High blood pressure can be a result of kidney disease, hyperthyroidism or it can have no apparent cause (idiopathic). Other causes of retinal detachment include traumatic tearing of the retina, uveitis (inflammation inside the eye), glaucoma, certain infectious diseases (FeLV, FIP, FIV, Toxoplasma, etc.), and cancer.

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16
Q

What are some characteristics of Digoxin (Cardiac Glycosides)?

A

-Positive inotropes, increase cardiac muscle contractions, negative chemotrophs, and decrease heart rate

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17
Q

What effect does ACE (Enalapril) have on the body?

A

Vasodilation

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18
Q

What is the function of a Calcium Channel Blocker?

A

Decrease inotropes, and decrease cardiac contractions

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19
Q

What does Diuresis mean?

A

Loss of water

20
Q

Wat does Natriuresis mean?

A

Loss of Sodium

21
Q

What type of meal increased the glomerular filtration rate?

A

High Protein Meal

22
Q

What are the two parameters used to measure the glomerular filtration rate?

A

Creatinine and Insulin

-Creatinine as leftovers of the energy production process in the muscles
-Insulin controls the blood sugar levels as food is converted into energy

23
Q

What are the units used to measure the glomerular filtration rate?

A

mL/min/kgBW

24
Q

In dairy cattle, what percent of energy comes from Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)?

A

80% of energy comes from VFAs in dairy cattle

25
Q

What prevents retropulsion of colonic content back into the ileum?

A

Ileocecal sphincter

26
Q

What type of inotropes are phosphodiester inhibitors?

A

Positive Inotropes

-strengthen heart muscle contractions (increase force of contractions)
-used in cardiogenic shock and for slow heart rates.
-Examples: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Digoxin, etc.

27
Q

What secretes Aldosterone?

A

Adrenal Cortex

28
Q

Chédiak–Higashi syndrome (CHS) is related to what defect?

A

Congenital platelet defect

-Chédiak–Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the lysosomal trafficking regulator protein (LYST) gene.
-CLINICAL SIGNS: albinism, recurrent infections, peripheral neuropathy, bleeding tendency, oral manifestation (ulcerations).
-Seen in Persian Cats and Beige Mice

29
Q

The Pelger-Huet Anomaly (PHA) is related to what physiological changes?

A

WBC defects, left shift, increased band neutrophils

30
Q

What is the most common cause of Lipuria in a blood sample?

A

recent meal

31
Q

What is the differential diagnostic test for determining whether a patient has Psychogenic Polydipsia or Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Water Denervation Test and Antidiuretic Hormone Response Test

32
Q

What does in increased finding of reticulocytes in a blood smear indicate?

A

Regenerative Anemia

-An increased reticulocyte count in a blood smear suggests a regenerative response. These immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) are released prematurely from the bone marrow. This phenomenon can be a sign of anemia or bone marrow dysfunction.

33
Q

What does in increased finding of spherocytes in a blood smear indicate?

A

Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)

-Spherocytes are spherical red blood cells without an area of central pallor and are usually slightly smaller than the average red cell. The presence of abundant spherocytes in a peripheral blood smear suggests either hereditary spherocytosis (HS) or autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA/IMHA).

34
Q

What is a Nosocomial Infection?

A

An infection acquired from the hospital

35
Q

What dissolves a fibrin clot?

A

Plasmin

36
Q

What organism causes Heart Water Disease?

A

Ehrlichia ruminantium

37
Q

What organism causes Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis?

A

Megakaryocytes

38
Q

What is the physiological basis for Van Willebrand Disease?

A

Coagulation Factor Deficiency

-An inherited bleeding disorder that results from low levels of specific clotting protein in the blood. This results in abnormal bleeding after an injury, surgery, or during menses.

39
Q

What is used for both Euthanasia and as Anesthesia in Fish?

A

TMS-222

-Tricaine mesylate, is white powder used for anesthesia, sedation, or euthanasia of fish. TMS is the only anesthetic licensed in the United States for fin fish that are intended for human consumption.

40
Q

What is the Buffy Coat made up of?

A

WBCs and Platelets

41
Q

Atrial Fibrillation is seen mostly in which breed of horse?

A

Mature Draft Horses

-BREEDS IN THE USA: Belgian, Clydesdale, Percheron, Shire, and Suffolk.

42
Q

How is the Bronchodilatation effect of Atropine achieved?

A

blockage of Muscarinic Receptors

-Atropine blocks muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter). By doing so, it inhibits parasympathetic nervous system activity. The parasympathetic system normally causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of airways) by stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the bronchioles. When atropine blocks muscarinic receptors, it reduces bronchoconstriction. This leads to bronchodilation, allowing more air to flow through the airways.
-Atropine is mainly used for other indications, such as treating bradycardia, dilating pupils, and reversing cholinergic toxicity. For bronchodilation, other agents like beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) are preferred.

43
Q

In an Auricular Nerve Block, which muscle is desensitized?

A

Orbicularis oculi

  • An auricular nerve block is a technique used to provide targeted pain relief during various ear procedures. This block can be useful for repairing lacerations, draining hematomas or abscesses, and other painful procedures involving the external ear.
44
Q

What type of fluid or electrolyte imbalance is seen in the case of GDV?

A

Metabolic Acidosis

45
Q

An x-ray shows small tumors surrounding the entire abdomen - what is the diagnosis?

A

Mesenteric Lymphadenopathy

BCSE Notes to Cards (7 decks)

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