General Prep Flashcards
Name a side effect of doing castration.
prostate atrophy
Ferrets tend to have stomach probelems so one should avoid __.
Barium
Antagonist of Medetomidine
Atipamezole
Aqueous humor is secreted by
Ciliary body
Normal intraocular pressure
15-20mmHg
Circling disease in sheep is caused by
Listeriosis
Screw worm plague is cause by
Yersinia pestis
What parasite can block the cranial mesenteric artery
strongyles vulgaris
Name of horse stomach worm
gastrophilus intestinalis
Which part of the intestine is not involved in impaction?
Jejunum
When is the best time, during surgery, to give analgesics?
pre-operative
What is the treatment for the Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Pallet?
Staphylectomy
Clinical sign of Copper Toxicity in Sheep
Hemoglobinuria
What parasitic disease causes Extravascular Hemolysis?
Anaplasmosis
What parasitic disease causes Intravascular Hemolysis?
- Leptospira
- Babesia
What duct do the testis develop from?
Wolffian Duct
Quinidine toxicity in Horses causes what major clinical signs?
- AV Block
- Ventricular Arrhythmia
What is the surgical technique used for the treatment of Entropion?
modified hotz-celsus procedure
What is the diagnosis for bunny hopping gait in dogs?
Hip Dysplasia
What is the diagnosis for animals that show heat seeking behavior?
Hypothyroidism
Terminalization is due to what kind of tumor?
Sertoli Cell Tumor
An increase in the intraocular pressure can be caused by?
Closure of the Iridocorneal Angle
What kind of cells would you expect to find in the case of a mast cell tumor?
An increase in eosinophils and nucleated cells (immature RBCs)
What animal plays the roll of reservoir for the West Nile Virus?
Birds
What is the largest part of the forestomach in a calf?
Abomasum
What is the diagnosis for renal tubular dysfunction?
Na Clearance
The urine of horses is normally cloudy due to the presence of what?
Mucus and Calcium Carbonate Crystals
What species of animal is the most sensitive to the effects of Xylazine?
Bovines
Normocytic, Normochromic, Non-regenerative Anemia is diagnostic of what disease?
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
Spherocytes, Anemia (IMHA), and Icterus can all be diagnosed using what test?
Coombs Test
When given a caudal epidural anesthesia in dogs can desensitize which area?
The perineum
Protein deficiency inhibits wound healing by inhibiting the synthesis of what?
Collagen Synthesis
What is the pathology behind the lesions in Diamond skin disease?
Vasculitis and Thrombus formation
What is the treatment given if sings of Stringheat are given?
Tenectomy of the lateral ligament
What is the diagnostic test used for detection of Hypoadrenocorticism?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulation test
Which meniscus is commonly affected in cranial cruciate ligament rupture?
Caudomedial
A 6 month old calf showing blindness, ataxia, but the PLR is present/positive - what would be the diagnosis?
Vitamin A Deficiency
What is the drug of choice against Beta-Lactamase positive bacteria?
clavulanic acid has an inhibitory effect on Beta-Lactamase.
During a caudectomy or tail docking what part of the tail has an arterial supply?
Ventral part of the tail
What does the lack of bedding material during the anesthesia in the house cause?
Facial Nerve Paralysis
To avoid an artifact of Static Electricity in an X-ray, what should you do?
increase the humidity in the room
Anesthesia of which muscle allows examination of the eye?
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
What disease causes excitability tremors in cattle?
Hypomagnesemia (low Mg)
At what stage of anesthesia should you extubate a dog?
When the dog starts swallowing
What is the most common form of Bovine Leukosis in Cattle?
Mediastinal Bovine Leukosis
Which muscle is responsible for the erection of the penis?
The Corpora Cavernosa Muscle
Proteinuria is a positive sign in what disease?
Fever leads to loss
A dogs PCV is 15%, reticulocyte is 12%, then what is the corrected reticulocyte count?
Corrected Reticulocyte= ((Patient PCV)(Patient Reticulocyte))/[45% Normal PCV]
CR = ((15)(12))/[45] = 9%
What may cause a 6 year old dog to have a heart rate of 180 during anesthesia?
Hypercapnia - Higher than normal CO2 in the blood.
Hypercalcemia is associated with all of the following except?
A. Lymphosarcoma
B. Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma
C. Hypoadrenocorticism
D. Blastomycosis
E. Milk Fever
Milk Fever - hypocalcemia
How long do Neutrophils usually remain in the peripheral blood?
10 Hours
What is the best flotation method for fecal samples?
Sugar Solution (591.300)
In which species is it normal to find neutrophils during Pancreatitis?
Equine
Which species is the least sensitive to Xylazine?
Porcine
Generally during surgery, blood is administered when PCV falls below __?
below 25%
What is the most potent alpha-2-agonist currently available?
Medetomidine
In recurrent episodes of thrombocytopenia, the least report is usually that of what?
splenectomy
What is the main treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in a horse?
Quinidine
What is the main treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in a dog?
Digitalis
What is the main treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in a cat?
diltiazem
HF has recurrent infection but lack of pus formation - Dx?
Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Treatment of brisket edema in cow
move it to a lower altitude
What are the best views for cardiac radiography?
- Right Lateral
- Ventrodorsal on inspiration
In a chronic infection, what cells will you find high in number?
Lymphocytes
In an acute infection, which cells will you find high in numbers?
Neutrophils
What do polychromatic cells in a smear suggest?
Regenerative anemia
How long does the iron storage in piglets last?
7 days
What is the treatment for isoerythrolysis in foals?
Give 3 times saline washed RBCs from the dam
What cells are seen in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Schistocytes (RBC fragments)
What age group of cattle is usually affected by Anaplasmosis?
3 years and older cattle develop this disease
What is the dose rate of aspirin in cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
10mg/kg but every 3rd day (max 80mg)
In Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), what is the proper location to approach for ligation?
The left 4th intercostal space
What causes Heinz Body Anemia in cats?
Caused by Acetaminophen
What causes Heinz Body Anemia in horses?
caused by Red mapel leaves, Onion, and Phenothiazine
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is transmitted by?
Blood sucking insect flies, Tabanids, and Contaminated needles
Feline Infectious Anemia (FIA) is transmitted by what?
Fleas
Congenital Platelet Function Disorder
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
Congenital WBCs (aka leukocytes) Functioning Disorders
Pelger-Huet anomaly (PHA)
Congenital deficit of maturation of collagen fibers (type 1) in cats
Cutaneous asthenia
In an acute infection, what will increase?
Fibrinogen (Clot) and WBCs (infection)
Cat was treated for heart worm and is now showing dyspnea, what will you do?
Give oxygen and steroids
which drug is contraindicated in feline heartworm treatment for when embolism occurs?
Aspirin
What will you find in a cat that is tested positive for heartworm?
Glomerulonephritis
What does hyperkalemia in cats cause?
bradycardia
What is the most common blood group of cats in the USA?
A - about 99%
How do you make a Major Cross Match?
Recipient plasma and Doner Erythrocytes
How do you make a Minor Cross Match?
Recipient Erythrocytes and Doner Plasma
What does the Coomb’s Test detect?
Used to detect antibodies against the body’s own erythrocytes (ex: IMHA or EIA)
What causes Hemophilia A?
Factor 8 Deficiency
What causes Hemophilia B?
Factor 9 Deficiency
What is the diagnosis of a cat having anemia and parasites in its RBCs?
What is the treatment for Feline Infectious Anemia?
Tetracyclines
- Doxycycline (10mg/kg/d x 2wks)
American cocker spaniel is prone to which coagulopathy?
Factor 10 Deficiency or Stuart-Prower factor deficiency
A cat with ascites and jugular distention is brought into the clinic - what is your diagnosis?
Pericardial effusions
What is the most common congenital cardiovascular deficit in dogs?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
What is the most common congenital cardiovascular deficit in cattle?
Ventricular Septal Deficits
What is the most common congenital cardiovascular deficit in horse?
Ventricular Septal Deficits
What is the most common congenital cardiovascular deficit in cats?
Ventricular Septal Deficits
What is the most common congenital cardiovascular deficit in pigs?
Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia
A cat is eating its own feces - what will you do for diagnosis?
Blood Chemistry should be done
Treatment for Diaphragmatic fluttering in horses?
Calcium gluconate
A dog is having anemia, however total protein is normal, what will you give?
Packed RBCs
A dog with anemia, however total protein is decreasing, what will you give?
whole blood
First degree heart block
P-R interval prolonged
Second degree heart block
R-R interval is increased
Third degree heart block
bizarre QRS
What is the diagnostic test for hematuria?
centrifuge the urine
What is the diagnostic test for hemoglobinuria?
centrifuge the urine and then examine the sediment - if RBCs are present then it is positive.
What is the diagnostic test for myoglobinuria?
Centrifuge the urine and then examine the supernatant - Red brown in color add (NH4)2SO4 – if the supernatant remains brown it is myoglobinuria and if precipitation occurs then it is hemoglobinuria.
What is pancytopenia?
Mature leukopenia, non-regenerative anemia, and thrombocytopenia - all present in E. canis.
Anticoagulant for CBC
EDTA
Anticoagulant for blood coagulation study
Sodium Citrate
Anticoagulant for blood glucose
Sodium fluoride
Why is an IV in horse only given on the right sided jugular vein?
To prevent injury to the phrenic nerves that supply the diaphragm.
Which drug causes Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) in dogs?
Trimethoprim Sulphate
Ormethoprim
Which drug causes Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) in cats?
Propylthiouracil
What is the location of the rota virus in the body?
Small intestine
What is the treatment of lipidosis in cats?
External Tube Feeding
Which diseases cause immunosuppression in cattle?
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Hog Cholera, Border Disorder
What parasite causes tumors along the margo plicatus in the stomach of horses?
Habronema (Draschia migastoma)
GIVEN A PICTURE OF A HORSES STOMACH WHICH SHOWS TUMOR LIKE GROWTHS SINCE IT WAS 2 YEARS OLD. What will be your action?
Euthanasia
Longitudinal folds in the cats esophagus
Herringbone pattern of esophagus
What are the clinical signs of liver flukes, F. hepatica, in cattle?
Submandibular edema
What parasite causes extensive anemia in dogs?
Hookworm ( ancylostoma duodurdis)
Diagnosis of 2-4day old piglets with watery diarrhea and acidic ph.
E. coli
How will you control an E. coli infection in dairy?
Isolation > colostrum restriction > vaccination of pregnant cow (6 weeks and 2 weeks before parturition)
What is the monoclonal antibody given to new born piglets to protect them from E. coli infections?
Monoclonal antibody K88
What biochemical changes will you see in a dog with parvovirus that has vomiting and diarrhea?
Hyponatremia (low Na), Hypokalemia (low K), Hypochloremia (low Cl), Hypoalbuminemia
Treatment for Ancylostoma caninum
Fenbendazole
How do you prevent Parascaris equorum in foal?
Daily administration of pyrantel tartrate once foal starts consuming grains
What is the most common tapeworm in dogs and how do your prevent it?
Dipylidium caninum - flea control
What is the most common tapeworm in cats and how do you prevent it?
Taenia taeniaeformis - rodent control
blood picture of chronic diarrhea in cats
lymphocytic plasmacytic enteritis
blood picture of acute diarrhea in cats
neutrophilic with epithelial disruption
How is strongyloidies transmitted to foal?
Sucking the milk form the udder of the mare
Abomasal nodules in cattle is caused by what?
Ostertagia ostertagi (brown stomach worm)
What is the most common cause of spleen abscess in cattle?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Acidosis in calves is mainly due to which type of diarrhea?
E. coli diarrhea -(- watery diarrhea in suckling pigs)
Name monoclonal antibody given to newborn calf to protect it from E. coli.
Monoclonal antibody K99
Picture given of thin emaciated horse, what question will you ask the owner?
Ask about the dental prophylaxis
Campylobacter jejuni act on which part of the intestine?
Jejunum and Ilium
Treatment for Brachygnathia in small animals?
removal of the mandibular canine tooth
What is the most common coccidia in dogs and cats?
Isospora
What is the treatment for isospora in dogs and cats?
Trimethyl sulphate (TMS)
What intestinal parasites found in dogs can be transitted to man?
Giardia
What is the treatment for GIardia?
Metronidazole
How do you diagnose Giardia?
Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) Flotation Method
Diagnose a large swelling on the lateral side of the anus of a dog.
Adenocarcinoma of the Apocrine Gland of the Anal Sac
Diagnose a large swelling on the gingival cavity in cats
Squamous cell carcinoma
What metabolic changes occur in Left Displacement of Abomasum?
Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia,
Treatment of cecal/large colon obstruction in horses
IV fluids, analgesics, intragastric mineral oil and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
What is the treatment for sand impaction in horse?
Psyllium (Intragastric)
Treatment of enteroliths in horses
Surgery - Ventral midline celiotomy
horse due to high grained diet - what do you do?
Restrict water intake for 18-24 hours and remove grain from the diet
In which disease is the rumen of cattle “L” shaped?
Vagal indigestion - L shaped rumen and papple shaped abdomen
What is the drug of choice for strongyloides?
Ivermectin or albendazole
What is the drug of choice for tapeworm in dogs and cats?
Praziquantel
At what age does JD occur in cattle?
Cattle 2-6 years are most prone
What are cheek teeth?
P2, P3, P4
Amylase and Lipase increase in Pancreatic disease, which other condition can cause this to occur?
Urinary disease
How do you control Cryptosporidiosis?
Good hygiene - it is a self limiting oocyst and can also be killed by 5% ammonia solution
Ping is observed on the right paralumbar fossa, what is the diagnosis?
Cecal rotation
Ping on the right side at the area of the 10th to the 13th intercostal space on the middle upper side - what is the diagnosis?
Right Displaced Abomasum (RDA)
What is the most common canine hookworm in canada and alaska?
Uncinaria stenocephala
The echogenicity in the liver changes in what disease?
Liver/Hepatic Lipidosis
What disease can cause neutropenia in horses?
Salmonellosis
What is the best diagnostic tool for Giardiosis
Zinc Sulphate Flotation Test (ZnSO4)
What is the difference between vomiting and regurgitation?
Vomiting is an active neural reflex.
Regurgitation is a passive retrograde reflux.
Mode of transmission of E. coli from animals to humans?
Feco-oral route (Fecal contamination of water, milk, etc..)
How is Yersinia enterocolitica transmitted to man?
Feco-oral route (Fecal contamination of water, milk, improperly prepared meat, etc..)
How is Campylobacter jejuni transmitted to man?
Feco-oral route (Fecal contamination of water, milk, improperly prepared meat, etc..)
How is Cryptosporidium transmitted to man?
Feco-oral route (Fecal contamination of water, milk, improperly prepared meat, etc..)
What are the lesions of Johne’s Disease (JD)?
Thickened small intestine (corrugated intestines), enlargement of the lymph nodes, and serosal lymphangitis
What is the main cause of large intestinal impaction in dogs?
Foreign body
What is the mode of transmission of Toxocara canis in dogs?
Transplacental transmission of disease
In cattle, what is the pH of the ruminal fluid during acidosis?
pH < 5.5
What condition can cause feline lipidosis?
A period of prolonged anorexia in an obese cat
Treatment of cyathostominosis in horse?
Fenbendazole
What is the sequalae of Fasciolosis in cow?
Liver cirrhosis
What is the diagnosis of nasogastric reflux in horse with clinical signa?
Intestinal obstruction in horse
Which side is the nephrosplenic ligament present in horse?
the ligament is present on the left side
What is the most dangerous parasite of man?
Taenia solium
What parasites are transmitted from cats to man without an intermediate host?
Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxoplasma
How do you diagnose E. coli (test)?
ELISA for K99 in feces
How do you diagnose megaesophagus?
Acetylcholine Antibody Assay
Some cattle are seen eating feed and some cattle are seen just standing in the ally - what should you check?
The concentrate to roughage ratio of the feed
What is the sequelae of acidic indigestion in cattle?
Mycotic Ruminitis
What is the treatment of choice for Demodex?
Amitraz and Rotenone
A picture of is given - what is the treatment?
Ivermectin and Selamectin
What is the first antibody to act during an infection?
IgM
What is elevated during cholestasis?
ALKP increases and severe ALP
A dog is on phenobarbital, what enzyme is likely to be elevated?
ALP (Phenobarbital causes liver damage which leads to an increase in ALP)
What causes Ileitis, Porcine intestinal adenomatosis, porcine proliferative enteritis, and proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy?
Lawsonia intracellularis
Why do we not use Atropine in horses?
Prolapse of penis and Paralytic ileus
What is the appropriate site to approach to make an incision for surgery at the spiral colon?
The right flank
An obese cat was put on a low calorie diet and is now anorectic, what will you do?
Fine Needle Liver Biopsy (check for feline lipidosis)
What is the correct Ca:P ratio of a lactating swine?
2:1
What do you check when presented with a dog showing signs of hepatic encephalopathy?
Increased bile acids (total bilirubin)
What drugs are used to increase appetite?
Diazepine, Cyproheptadine, Prednisone, Oxazepain, Stinazaloe,
Presented with a foal with occasional colic, bruxism (a condition where a person grinds, clenches, or gnashes his or her teeth), and rolling around - what is your diagnosis?
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
What is not a cause of hypoalbuminemia?
Acute hepatitis
What animal is more predisposed to anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma?
Older Dogs
What is the most common cause of death in piglets?
Crushing by the sow, perinatal hypothermia, hypoglycemia
What is the treatment of a Grade I rectal tear in mare?
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
What is the treatment of a Grade II rectal tear in mare?
Grade II is only the muscle layer - Extensive Immediate Surgery
What is the treatment of a Grade III rectal tear in mare?
Grade III involves the submucosa + muscularis extending to the mesorectum - Extensive Immediate Surgery
What is the treatment of a Grade IV rectal tear in mare?
Grade IV involves all layers up to the peritoneum - Grave prognosis
What is the best way to study a rare disease?
Case control
What is the most common form of anthrax in humans?
Wool sorters disease (Hemorrhagic mediastinitis)
What is a Melting Ulcer in a Horse cause by?
Herpes Virus
How does man get the Hunta Virus Disease?
Aerosol route through the secretions and excretions of rodents
What is the most sensitive way to diagnose Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?
ELISA
What does ELISA in FeLV detect?
Antigens
What does ELISA in FIP detect?
Antibodies
What does Vitamin E and Selenium deficiency cause?
Mulberry Heart Disease and Hepatosis dietetica (HD)
Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia occurs in what age group of horses?
1-3 years old
What is the catalase test used for?
E. coli and Staphylococcus
What type of cardiac rhythm abnormality is seen in a dog with Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus?
Ventricular Premature Complex
What is the most common complication of Parascaris equorum?
Impaction, Colic
What is the most common complication for Cervical mucocele?
Pain and Fever
What is the prefered diagnostic test for Campylobacteriosis?
Dark Field Microscope Phase Contrast Microscopy
What are the clinical signs of Tyzzer’s Disease in Foals?
Liver - Hepatic Necrosis
Heart - Myocardium white streaks
Intestines- Paint brush hemorrhages
Overo horses are mated and the foals die on the second day - what will be your diagnosis?
Ileocolonic aganglionosis
Overo horse - two colored horse
What tooth is involved in an oronasal fistula?
Maxillary Canine
What is the treatment of an Oronasal fistula?
Infrabony grafting
What is the most important aspect in the diagnosis of Colic in horses?
Rectal Contamination
Persistent infection of calves with BVD occur if fetal infection occurs when?
1-4 months of pregnancy
What causes Summer distress and other respiratory infections in horses?
Parascaris equorum
Which gland is involved in Salivary Mucocele?
Sublingual Salivary gland, Mandibular salivary gland
What is the treatment of Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Enteritis in Cats?
prednisone (corticosteroid for inflammation) and metronidazole (antibiotic)
What is the treatment of Trichuris in Pigs?
Dichlorvos + Levamisole + Fenbendazole
What changes occur in Hepatic Lipidosis?
Increased ALP, Increased Bile Acids, GGT my be normal or increased
Non-regenerative, Normocytic, Normochromic __ + __
Anemia + stress leukogram
How do you diagnose Hepatic Lipidosis?
Increased ALP, hyperbilirubinemia,
What is the diagnostic test for Portosystemic Shunts?
Postprandial bile acid test
(after food)
What is the treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy?
A protein restricted diet, neomycin, lactulose
What is the treatment of eye glaucoma?
Carbonic anhydrase –> Acetazolamide inhibitor
What is the main reason for doing an exploratory laprotomy in cat?
Foreign Body
What breed has a predisposition for immunoproliferative enteropathy?
Basenji dog
Edema disease in pigs is caused by what?
E. coli (Hemolytic forms)
What is the contraction rate of the rumen of cattle?
1-3/min
What is the contraction rate of the rumen in goats?
1-4/min
What nerve supplies the teeth?
Maxillary branch of the Trigeminal Nerve
What is the treatment of Cyathostomiasis in horses?
Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test (LDDS Test)