Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Canine And Feline Clinical Management > Urinary System and Opthalmic Diseases > Flashcards

Urinary System and Opthalmic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Kidneys?

A
  • produce urine: excretion
  • maintain homeostasis: blood filtration, reabsorption, secretion; fluid balance regulation; acid-base balance regulation; hormone production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Feline Cystitis?

A

nonmalignant inflammatory condition that occurs frequently in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cause of Feline Cystitis?

A
  • cause is unknown
  • multi factorial
  • not caused by bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Signalment of Feline Cystitis?

A
  • cats 2-6 yrs old

- occurs more in males than females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are C/S of Feline Cystitis?

A
  • pollakuria
  • hematuria
  • dysuria
  • periuria (inappropriate urination)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you diagnose Feline Cystitis?

A
  • urinalysis/culture: to rule out bacteria as cause

- radiographs: to rule out calculi. contrast studies may show thickened bladder wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you treat Feline Cystitis?

A
  • avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics
  • change diet to produce dilute urine
  • reduce stress from other cats, kids, etc: provide hiding places, pheromonotherapy
  • behavior modification drugs: amitrypitilline, clomipramine
  • glycosaminoglycan replacement: cosequin, adequan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Client Info for Feline Cystitis?

A
  • disease is self limiting: resolution of c/s in 7-10 days
  • may be reccuring problem
  • no definitive cure
  • reduce stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the natural defense mechanisms of the Kidneys?

A
  • frequent voiding of urine
  • urethral and ureteral peristalsis
  • glycosaminoglycans in the surface mucosal layer
  • pH
  • constituents of urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the cause of Canine Bacterial Cystitis?

A

ascending bacteria up the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the C/S of Canine Bacterial Cystitis?

A
  • increased frequency of urination
  • hematuria
  • dysuria
  • cloudy urine, abnormal color
  • frequent licking of vaginal/urethral area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you diagnose Canine Bacterial Cystitis?

A
  • urinalysis: increased WBC’s and bacteria

- urine culture and sensitivity: collect by cytocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you treat Canine Bacterial Cystitis?

A
  • antibiotics according to sensitivity: acute infections (10-14d), subsequent infections(4-6 weeks)
  • avoid trauma to urinary tract during surgery
  • indwelling catheters should be closed system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Client Info for Canine Bacterial Cystitis?

A
  • can resolve without treatment
  • give antibiotics as directed
  • prostate may be source of recurring infections
  • urine cultures should be repeated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 most common types of urethral blockages?

A
  • uroliths

- urethral plugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Uroliths?

A

composed of minerals and a small amount of matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Urethral Plugs?

A

composed of small amount of minerals and large amount of matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 different types of struvites that occur in cats?

A
  • sterile urocystoliths
  • infection-induced urocystolith
  • matrix-struvite urethral plug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are C/S of Feline Uroliths and Urethral Plugs?

A
  • hematuria
  • dysuria
  • periuria
  • anorexia, vomiting
  • collapse, death
  • non-specific signs: hiding, crying while urinating, frequent trips to litter box
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you diagnose Feline Uroliths and Urethral Plugs?

A
  • palpation of bladder: full and tight
  • radiographs: double contrast study may be indicated
  • ultrasound:locate position of urolith
  • urolith analysis: necessary to determine type
  • EKG: atrial standstill, bradycardia, hyperkalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Medical Treatment (chronic, non obstructed) of Feline Uroliths and Urethral Plugs?

A
  • dissolve struvite uroliths by acidifying urine and feeding diet low in Mg
  • cystotomy to remove stones
  • antibiotics according to culture/sensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Medical Treatment (obstructed) of Feline Uroliths and Urethral Plugs?

A
  • this is a medical emergency!
  • anesthetize (short acting)
  • pass tom cat catheter and back flush
  • sew catheter in place for 1-3 days, using closed system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Medical Treatment (chronic obstructers) for Feline Uroliths and Urethral Plugs?

A
  • perineal urethrostomy

- goal of surgery is to decrease the likelihood of life-threatening obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are C/S of Canine Urolithiasis?

A
  • pollakiuria
  • dysuria
  • hematuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you diagnose Canine Urolithiasis?

A
  • urinalysis (crystalluria, hematuria, increased bacteria)

- radiographs (double contrast study if necessary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do you treat Canine Urolithiasis?

A
  • change diet
  • acidify urine (urinary acidifiers)
  • increase urine output ( add salt to diet)
  • antibiotics for bacterial infection
  • surgical removal (calcium oxalate)
  • stone analysis is vital for appropriate treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Client Info for Canine Urolithiasis?

A
  • special diet may be required for life
  • table scraps/treats should be limited
  • long term antibiotics may be required
  • uroliths may recur at any time
  • always provide plenty of water
  • allow plenty of bathroom time and frequency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Renal Failure is due to what?

A
  • decreased blood flow

- damage to nephron and glomerular fitration declines resulting in azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 3 phases of Acute Renal Failure?

A
  • induction
  • maintenance
  • recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Induction?

A

the time from the initial insult until decreased renal function is apparent (hours to days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Maintenance?

A

the time period during which renal tubular damage occurs (weeks to months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Recovery?

A

the time during which renal function improves, existing nephrons hypertrophy and compensate for those damaged and tubular repair occurs (when possible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the causes of Acute Renal Failure?

A
  • nephrotoxic drugs (aminoglycosides, chemotheraputic agents, antifungal meds, analgesics, anesthetics, toxins: antifreeze)
  • infections(pyelonephritis)
  • immune mediated diseases (glomerulonephritis)
  • metabolic (hypercalcemia, addison’s)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are C/S of Acute Renal Failure?

A
  • kidneys are enlarged and painful on palpation
  • signs of azotemia( anorexia, dehydrated, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness)
  • fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do you diagnose Acute Renal Failure?

A
  • urinalysis (urine sediment/casts, low sp. gravity)
  • CBC (dehydration, increased PCV, acidosis)
  • chem panel (increased BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do you treat Acute Renal Failure?

A
  • relieve tubular obstruction
  • discontinue toxic drugs
  • iv fluids (start with normal saline)
  • correct dehydration
  • correct acid/base and electrolyte balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is Client Info for Acute Renal Failure?

A
  • renal function may never return
  • prognosis is guarded with older pets
  • appropriate diet
  • adequate water access
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Chronic Renal Failure?

A
  • common in older pets
  • cats more than dogs
  • irreversible and progressive decline in renal function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the Signalment for Chronic Renal Failure?

A
  • dogs: older than 8

- cats: older than 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the first function lost in Chronic Renal Failure?

A

ability to concentrate urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are other functions lost in Chronic Renal Failure?

A
  • ability to cleanse blood

- azotemia starts at 75% nephron loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are C/S of Chronic Renal Failure?

A
  • dull, lethargic, weak
  • anorexia, wt. loss
  • constipation
  • PU/PD, cervical ventroflexion
  • sudden blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How do you diagnose Chronic Renal Failure?

A
  • acidosis
  • anemia
  • increased BUN, CREA
  • hyperphosphatemia, hypokalemia
  • proteinuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How do you treat Chronic Renal Failure?

A
  • fluids for dehydration
  • potassium gluconate, calcium carbonate for electrolyte imbalances
  • phosphorus binders
  • sodium bicarbonate for pH adjustment
  • hormones (epo)
  • Vit. B supplements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are causes of Urinary Incontience

A
  • neurogenic: loss of normal neural function causing a paralyzed bladder
  • ectopic uterus
  • patent uracus
  • endocrine imbalance (after spay)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are C/S of Urinary Incontience?

A
  • urine leakage while sleeping or exercising
  • perianal area of pet is always wet
  • concurrent UTI
47
Q

How do you diagnose Urinary Incontinence?

A
  • urinalysis
  • xrays, cystography
  • chem panel to r/o PU from endocrine disease
48
Q

How do you treat Urinary Incontinence?

A
  • surgical correction
  • diethylstillbestrol (endocrine)
  • phenylpropanolamine (loss of sphincter tone)
49
Q

What is the Conjunctiva?

A

pink tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front portion of the eyeball except for the cornea

50
Q

What are causes of Conjunctivits?

A
  • allergy
  • anatomic (ectropion, entropion)
  • bacterial infection (injury, decreased tear production, foreign body, respiratory disease)
51
Q

What are causes of Conjunctivitis in cats?

A
  • feline herpes virus
  • calicivirus
  • chlamydia psittaci bacteria
  • mycoplasm
52
Q

What are C/S of Conjunctivitis?

A
  • redness
  • chemosis (swelling of conjunctiva)
  • ocular discharge (tears, mucus)
53
Q

How do you diagnose Conjunctivits?

A
  • rule out FB

- rule out dry eye: schirmer tear test

54
Q

How do you treat Conjunctivitis?

A

topical antibiotic ointment

55
Q

What is Client Info for Conjunctivitis?

A
  • don’t allow dogs to ride with head out window
  • keep medial canthus clean
  • vaccinate kittens
  • don’t touch eye with applicator
  • discard unused meds
56
Q

What is Epiphora?

A

excessive tearing

57
Q

What are causes of Epiphora?

A
  • overproduction of tears (ocular pain, irritation)

- faulty drainage by lacrimal system (blockage of duct, puncta, imperforate puncta, trauma)

58
Q

What are C/S of Epiphora?

A
  • watering of eye

- discoloration of hair

59
Q

How do you diagnose Epiphora?

A

fluorescein dye test

60
Q

How do you treat Epiphora?

A
  • treat initial cause
  • flush lacrimal duct
  • surgically open imperforate puncta
  • topical antibiotic ointment
  • keep hair trimmed around eyes
61
Q

What is Entropion?

A

eyelids that roll in against the cornea

62
Q

What are causes of Entropion?

A
  • congenital (large orbits w/deep set eyes, collies, great danes)
  • poor ocular muscle development
  • trauma
  • secondary to painful corneal lesion, conjunctiva inflammation
63
Q

What are C/S of Entropion?

A
  • epiphora
  • chemosis
  • conjunctivitis
  • pain
  • corneal ulceration
  • photophobia
64
Q

How do you treat Entropion?

A
  • surgical is TOC
  • temp. mattress suture to evert eye (young animals)
  • lateral canthoplasty
  • hotz-celsus (remove elliptical piece of tissue from under eye)
65
Q

What are causes of Ectropion?

A
  • congenital

- bassets, bloodhounds, cocker spaniel, st. bernard

66
Q

What are C/S of Ectropion?

A
  • conjunctivitis
  • ephiphora
  • keratitis
  • purulent discharge
67
Q

How do you treat Ectropion?

A
  • surgery to shorten eye lid

- other procedures

68
Q

What causes Cherry Eye?

A

unknown

69
Q

What is the Signalment for Cherry Eye?

A

bassets, beagle, boston terrier, cocker spaniel

70
Q

What are C/S of Cherry Eye?

A
  • young dogs (less than 2)
  • epiphora
  • usually no pain
71
Q

How do you diagnose Cherry Eye?

A

to r/o tumor

72
Q

How do you treat Cherry Eye?

A
  • surgery to remove gland, not recommended

- suture back in place

73
Q

What is Glaucoma?

A

increased intraocular pressure

74
Q

What are causes of Glaucoma?

A
  • inherited (c. spaniel, basset, chow)

- secondary(neoplasia, luxation of lens, hemorrhage, uvetitis)

75
Q

What are C/S of Glaucoma?

A
  • ocular pain
  • episcleral injection
  • corneal edema
  • dilated pupil
  • blind
76
Q

How do you diagnose Glaucoma?

A

IOP >30mm Hg

77
Q

How do you treat Acute Glaucoma?

A
  • latanoprost
  • dichlorphenamide
  • surgical (cryosurgery or laser)
78
Q

How do you treat Chronic Glaucoma?

A

enucleation to remove pain

79
Q

What are the causes of Ulcerative Keratitis?

A
  • trauma
  • chemical burns
  • foreign objects
  • KCS (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)
  • conformation abnormalities
  • herpes virus (cats)
80
Q

What are C/S of Ulcerative Keratitis?

A
  • pain
  • epiphora
  • blepharospasm
  • hyperemia of conjunctiva
81
Q

How do you diagnose Ulcerative Keratitis?

A

fluorescein dye to cornea

82
Q

How do you treat Ulcerative Keratitis?

A
  • topical atropine ointment
  • topical broad spectrum antibiotic ointment
  • viral ointments or solutions
  • surgery (eye lid flap, conjunctival flap)
  • serum (autologous)
83
Q

What is Desmetocele?

A

erosion to membrane

84
Q

What is Client Info for Ulcerative Keratitis?

A
  • most heal without treatment
  • avoid using old meds
  • cortisone will inhibit healing of ulcer
  • don’t touch eye with applicator tip
85
Q

What is Pannus?

A

superficial corneal vascularzation/scar tissue

86
Q

What is the cause of Chronic Superficial Keratitis (Pannus)

A
  • thought to be immune mediated (infiltration of cornea with lymphocytes, plasma cells)
  • increased UV light/high altitudes increases incidience
87
Q

What are C/S of Chronic Superficial Keratitis?

A

opaque lesions that begin at limbus and extend into cornea (milky, pink or tan)

88
Q

What breeds are affected by Chronic Superficial Keratitis?

A
  • german shepherds
  • border collies
  • greyhounds
  • siberian husky
89
Q

How do you diagnose Chronic Superficial Keratitis?

A
  • to r/o KCS, corneal ulcers

- corneal scrapings

90
Q

How do you treat Chronic Superficial Keratitis?

A
  • corticosteroids when lifelong
  • cyclosporine often lifelong
  • antibiotic eye ointment
91
Q

What is Client Info for Chronic Superficial Keratitis?

A

-no cure
-if Rx is stopped, disease will return and progress
high altitudes and increased sun predispose animals

92
Q

What is the cause of KCS?

A

-lack of tear production

93
Q

What are C/S of KCS?

A
  • recurrent conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, keratitis
  • dull, dry, irregular cornea, conjunctiva
  • tenacious, mucoid ocular discharge
  • blepharospasm
  • crusty nares
94
Q

How do you diagnose KCS?

A

schirmer tear test

95
Q

How do you treat KCS?

A
  • tear stimulation (cyclosporine, pilocarpine)

- arttificial tears

96
Q

What are causes of Cataracts?

A
  • genetic
  • secondary to:
  • diabetes mellitus
  • trauma
  • lens luxation
  • nutritional deficency
  • uveitis
  • hypocalcemia
  • electrical shock
97
Q

How do you treat Cataracts?

A
  • surgical removal of lens

- treat underlying cause

98
Q

What are C/S of Cataracts?

A
  • progressive loss of vision

- opaque pupillary opening

99
Q

How do you diagnose Cataracts?

A

opthalmascope

100
Q

What is Progressive Retinal Atropy?

A

group of hereditary disorders causing loss of rods, cones and/or blood supply

101
Q

What breeds are effected by PRA?

A 
toy/minature poodle
golden retriever
irish setter
cocker spaniel 
schnauzer
collie
samoay
nor. elkhound
102
Q

What are C/S of PRA?

A
  • slow onset of blindness
  • night vision goes first due to lack of rods
  • loss of day vision (cones)
103
Q

How do you diagnose PRA?

A

eye exam (gray, granular app. of retina, hyperreflective lens, muscular attenuation, optic nerve atropy)

104
Q

How do you treat PRA?

A

none

105
Q

What is Client Info for PRA?

A

inherited disease
blind animals adapt well
cats need balanced diet

106
Q

What is Anterior Uveitits?

A

inflammation of uvea (ciliary body, iris, choroid)

107
Q

What are causes of Anterior Uveitis?

A
  • inflammation/infection
  • neoplasia
  • trauma
108
Q

What are C/S of Uveitis?

A
  • blepharospasm
  • aqueous flare
  • miosis of affected eye
  • iridal swelling or congestion
  • keratic precipitates
  • ciliary flush in limbal region
  • corneal edema
  • hyphema
109
Q

How do you treat Uveitis?

A 
topical steroids
topical anti inflammatory drugs
systemic steroids
atropine
antibiotics
110
Q

What are causes of Proptosed Globes?

A
  • trauma
  • conformation
  • retrobulbar abscess or neoplasia
111
Q

What are reasons you would save the eye in a Proptosed Globe?

A
  • brachycephalic breed
  • positive direct or consensual pupillary light response
  • normal findings on posterior segment exam
  • proptosed eye with vision on initial presentation
112
Q

What are reasons you would remove the eye in Proptosed Globe?

A
  • non brachycephalic breed
  • cat breed
  • hyphema
  • no visible pupil
  • facial fractures
  • optic nerve damage and avulsion of 3 or more extraocular muscles
113
Q

How do you treat a Proptosed Globe?

A 
lubricate immediately
reduce the globe into the socket ASAP 
enucleation if optic nerve is severed
systemic and topical antibiotics
steroids

Canine And Feline Clinical Management (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions