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Canine And Feline Clinical Management > Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases (Test 3) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases (Test 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

A
  • Vena Cava
  • Right Atrium
  • Tricuspid Valve
  • Right Ventricle
  • Pulmonary Valve
  • Pulmonary Artery
  • Lungs
  • Pulmonary Vein
  • Left Atrium
  • Mitral Valve
  • Left Ventricle
  • Aortic Vein
  • Aorta
  • Systemic Circulation
  • Vena Cava
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2
Q

What valves can be heard on the left side of the heart?

A
  • aortic
  • pulmonic
  • mitral
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3
Q

What valve can be heard on the right side of the heart?

A

-tricuspid

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4
Q

Do the Atria and Ventricles contract at the same time?

A
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5
Q

What happens when the Atria contract?

A
  • Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves OPEN
  • Semilunar valves CLOSE
  • Ventricles RELAX
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6
Q

What happens during Ventricular contraction?

A
  • Semilunar valves OPEN
  • Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves CLOSE
  • Atria RELAX
  • blood enters Atria from Vena Cava and Pulmonary Veins
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7
Q

What happens during Systole?

A
  • contraction of atria and ventricles
  • blood is being EJECTED from the heart
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8
Q

What happens during Diastole?

A
  • relaxtion of Atria and Ventricles
  • heart is FILLING with blood
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9
Q

What happens during S1 (LUB)?

A
  • beginning of systole
  • increase in Intraventricular pressure during contraction exceeds the pressure within the Atria
  • AV valves close (mitral first)
  • contraction forces blood into semilunar valves
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10
Q

What happens during S2 (DUB)?

A
  • beginning of Diastole (no pulse)
  • Ventricles relax
  • pressures within the heart become less than the semilunar valves
  • causes semilunar valves to snap shut (Aortic first)
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11
Q

What 3 factors effect Stroke Volume?

A
  • Contractility
  • Preload
  • Afterload
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12
Q

What is Contractility?

A
  • intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to develop force for a given muscle length
  • AKA: inotropism
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13
Q

What is Preload?

A
  • muscle length prior to contractility
  • dependent of ventricular filling (end diastolic volume)
  • value is related to Right Atrial Pressure
  • most important factor for preload is Venous Return
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14
Q

What is Afterload?

A
  • tension (arterial pressure) against which the ventricle must contract
  • if arterial pressure increases, afterload increases
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15
Q

What determines the Afterload for the Left Ventricle?

A

Aortic Pressure

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16
Q

What determines the Afterload for the Right Ventricle?

A

Pulmonary Artery Pressure

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17
Q

What is the normal heart size (ribs)?

A

2.5-3.5 rib spaces

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18
Q

What is a level 1 Murmur?

A
  • lowest intensity
  • difficult to hear even by expert
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19
Q

What is a level 2 Murmur?

A
  • low intensity
  • usually audible by all listeners
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20
Q

What is a level 3 Murmur?

A
  • medium intensity
  • easy to hear even by inexperienced listeners
  • without palpable thrill
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21
Q

What is a level 4 Murmur?

A
  • Medium intensity
  • palpable thrill
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22
Q

What is a level 5 Murmur?

A
  • loud intensity
  • palpable thrill
  • audible with stehoscope placed on the chest with the edge of the diaphragm
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23
Q

What is a level 6 Murmur?

A
  • loudest intensity
  • palpable thrill
  • audible even with the stethoscope raised above chest
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24
Q

What can cause Pump Failure?

A
  • Myocardial Dysfunction
  • Circulatory Function
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25
Q

What kind of Myocardial Dysfunctions can cause Pump Failure?

A
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Myocardia
  • Taurine Deficency in cats
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26
Q

What kind of Circulatory Failures can cause Pump Failures?

A
  • Hypovolemia: shock, hemorrhage, dehydration
  • Anemia
  • Valvular Dysfunction
  • Congential shunts or defects
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27
Q

What is the best test to determine heart disease?

A
  • echocardiography
  • including Doppler Echocardiography
  • AKA: ultrasound
28
Q

What types of dogs does Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy occur in?

A
  • 90% occurs in Doberman Pinschers, Boxers
  • other breeds include: Wolfhounds, Great Danes, and Cocker Spaniels
  • deep chested animals
29
Q

What causes Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • decreased contractility from an unknown cause
  • decreased contractility = decreased cardiac output
30
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

A

CO (Cardiac Output)= SV (Stroke Volume) X HR (Heart Rate)

31
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

amount of blood that leaves the heart

32
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

amount of blood ejected with each cardiac contraction

33
Q

What is Heart Rate?

A

how often the heart contracts

34
Q

How does the body compensate with Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • increasing heart rate
    • done by sympathetic nervous system
  • trying to increase stroke volume by increasing preload
    • done by activation of RAA system => sodium and water retention
35
Q

What is the RAA system?

A
  • R:Renin (kindeys)
  • A:Angiotensin (Blood Vessels)
  • A: Aldosterone (Adrenal Glands)
  • kindeys tell BV which tell AG to release antidiuretic hormone. tells kidneys to reabsorb sodium, water follows
  • causes more volume in preload and vessels
36
Q

What are the Pathological Lesions of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • heart walls are flabby, weak and dilated
  • may cause separation of mitral valve leaflets leading to mitral reguritation
37
Q

What are the Clinical Signs of Canine Dilated Cardiomyophathy?

A
  • lethargy
  • exercise intollerance
  • coughing
  • weight loss
  • tachypnea
  • syncope (fainting)
  • soft murmur in mitral valve (L)
38
Q

What Drugs are used to treat Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Enalapril (reduces fluid retention)
  • Furosemide (diuretic)
  • Digoxin (increases contractility)
  • Pimobendan ( Diruetic, eliminates excess fluids)
39
Q

What OTC Drugs are used to treat Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Coenzyme Q10 (antioxidant for cardiac muscle)
  • Taurine (used in Cockers and cats, A.A.)
  • L-Carnitine (amino acid)
40
Q

What is Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • globular shaped heart
  • severe dilation of all 4 chambers
  • depressed ventricle contractions
  • distorted atrioventrical valves
  • leads to mitral reguritation and atrial enlargement
  • atrophied papillary muscles
  • thin ventricular walls
41
Q

What is the Signalment for Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • neutered male cats
  • between 1-6yrs
42
Q

What is the predominant pathology of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

43
Q

What are the causes of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • genetics
  • abnormal myocardial myosin or calcium transport in muscles of heart
44
Q

What are the 3 problems (pathophysiology) of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • diastolic failure
  • pulmonary edema
  • thromboembolism
45
Q

What are the clinical signs of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • soft, systolic murmur (grade 2-3 /6)
  • Gallop Rhythms
  • echo shows increased ventricular wall thickness, dilated left atrium
  • Acute onset of heart failure
  • acute onset of systemic thromboembolism
    • hindlimb paresis
    • cold rear legs
    • painful rear legs
46
Q

What drugs are used in treatment of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • furosemide (diuretic)
  • asprin (anticoagulant)
  • Propanolol (B-Blocker, slows HR)
  • Diltiazem (calcium channel blocker, inhibits contractility, low BP and cardiac afterload)
47
Q

Is there a cure for Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • NO
  • cats may experience heart failure, arterial embolism, or sudden death
  • cats whose HR stay below 200 have a better survival chance
48
Q

What are the clinical signs of Canine Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • fatigue
  • sudden death
  • tachypnea
  • syncope
  • cough
49
Q

What breeds are affected by Canine Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • german shepherds
  • rottweilers
  • cocker spaniels
50
Q

What breeds does Patent Ductus Arteriosus affect?

A
  • chihuahuas
  • maltese
  • poodle
  • pomeranian
  • shelties
  • puppies are more commonly affected
51
Q

When should the Ductus Arteriosus close?

A

12-24 hours after birth

52
Q

What happens if the Ductus Arteriosus doesn’t close?

A
  • blood begins to shut from the aorta into the pulmonary artery
  • hyperfuses into the lungs
  • L side of heart will have an increase in blood return and become volume overloaded
53
Q

What side of the heart fails in Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

Left sided heart failure

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A
  • lound murmur (left base)
  • “machinery” murmur
  • may be asymptomatic

ECG: wide range of arythmias (APC’s and VPC’s)

-Radiographs: left atrial and ventricular enlargement

55
Q

How do you treat Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

ligation of the ductus arteriosus

56
Q

What is the Client Info for Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A
  • 64% of animals will die within 1 year without surgery
  • should not be bred
57
Q

What are clinical signs of Atrial Septal Defects?

A
  • dilation and hypertrophy of right sided chambers
  • systolic murmur
  • right sided heart failure
  • radiographs: right ventricular enlargement
  • echo: right ventricular dilation
58
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ventricular Septal Defects?

A
  • may have no signs
  • acute left sided heart failure
  • harsh holosystolic murmur
59
Q

What is the treatment for Ventricular Septal Defects?

A
  • open heart surgery
  • cardiopulmonary bypass
60
Q

What are the 2 surgical options for Ventricular Septal Defects?

A
  • pulmonary artery banding (before LtoR shunt has developed)
  • repair of defect (open heart surgery, high risk)
61
Q

What type of dogs does Pulmonic Stenosis affect?

A
  • beagles
  • bulldogs
  • boxers
  • mastiffs
  • miniature schnauzers
  • terrier breeds
62
Q

What age does Pulmonic Stenosis affect?

A

less than 1 year old

63
Q

What is the cause of Pulmonic Stenosis?

A

polygenic inheritance

64
Q

What is Pulmonic Stenosis?

A

right ventricular outflow tract is narrowed

65
Q
A

Canine And Feline Clinical Management (10 decks)

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